Can you claim the VA if you get a Chapter 5-17?

Unfortunately, your civilian doc has no say in the Army MEB process. Civilian docs works off the principle of getting money from the insurance agency that is going to cover said procedure. 9 times out of 10, they will say there is something wrong with you so they can get the money. The army works on the mindset that if you are seriously injured, why keep you in the military if you cant complete your assigned duties.

You can only get rated by the VA if the injuries without a doubt are service related.

Those are usually given Honorable Discharges...so yea, you should be able to....as long as your discharge reads Honorable.