If I am not formally counseled as to why I was denied promotion through CLI, should I be promoted and back dated to when I became eligible?

Short version is no, you should not receive a back-dated promotion because the underlying reason for denial remains: ALC not complete.
However, your CoC is wrong for not counseling you. Since they have not, stroll on in to see your FLL and ask for a counseling session regarding this issue.
Most of the time, a nudge will get them to do the right thing.
Otherwise, a nice, friendly 1SG like me pays squad leader guy a visit for motivational therapy.

You definitely should have been counseled if you were denied being placed onto the CLI, as well as received a bar to continued service. Now if you were placed onto the CLI but not promoted when the points dropped to the required number ( i think it's 39) that's another story. Best bet would be to talk to your 1st line and see what the deal is.

I would say, if no formal counselling is reason to promote (I am no familiar with this aspect) and they promote you, then you should be entitled to back pay from the date on which you would have put on your new rank; however, I am not 100% sure if this situation is retroactive.