Posted on Jun 5, 2019
‘A very determined enemy’: Historians reassess criticism of Canada’s performance in Normandy...
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Thank you, my friend LTC (Join to see) for posting a post-game analysis after about 75 years of the Germans escaping from the Battle of the Falaise Pocket which was fought August 12-21, 1944,
Summary: "The area in which the Germans were encircled resembled a dug-up graveyard ― remains of the battle were everywhere. A number of corpses were threatening to spread all sorts of diseases, and the area was thus proclaimed an “unhealthy zone.” Allied pilots who flew above Falaise several times reported that the staunch was horrible and that they could sense the smell of rotting corpses hundreds of feet above it. General Eisenhower stated after the battle: “The battlefield at Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest “killing fields” of any of the war areas. Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could be described only by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.”
Image: German counterattacks against Canadian-Polish positions on 20 August 1944
Background from warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/10-facts-battle-falaise-pocket.html
The Battle of the Falaise Pocket was fought August 12-21, 1944,
"3. Operation Totalize
Apart from the American advance, the British and Canadians also had a successful series of operations. In order to press the German defenses south of the town of Caen, the First Canadian Army together with the First Polish Armored Division launched Operation Totalize. The plan was to drive the German troops, which were now assembled mostly of remnants of different divisions further south, towards the city of Falaise, where they would cut them off, while the US and British troops advanced from west and northwest, respectively.
The Canadians combined heavy duty bombing actions with night raids using motorized infantry which were intended to wear down the German defense lines in preparations for a final push. Despite heavy casualties on the Canadian side, which were a result of poor and indecisive leadership, the operation was deemed successful, as the Germans were forced to flee further south.
4. The Forming of the Encirclement
During Operation Totalize the Allied Commander of Ground Forces, Bernard Montgomery, suggested an envelopment tactic to be conducted in the area around the French town of Falaise. The plan was that the British and Canadian troops strike left from Falaise toward the River Seine while the U.S. Third Army blocked the escape route between the Seine and Loire rivers, trapping all surviving German forces in western France.
In a discussion with General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, Montgomery accepted his proposal to let the US troops create a shorter envelopment by capturing the town of Argentan, just south of Falaise. The idea was to close the Germans in an area between Falaise and Argentan.
5. Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable, conducted by joint forces of Canada and Poland together with one brigade of British tanks, was the first stage of the creation of the Falaise Pocket. The Allies made a significant push towards the town of Falaise, while the US Third Army captured Alencon and Argentan. The battle was on. The Allies were closing in, and the Germans slowly felt the trap. Suddenly, despite General Patton’s orders to continue to push the Germans further into the pocket by staging attacks from Argentan, the 5th U.S. Armored Division was ordered by Bradley to withdraw from the town several kilometers back. This widened the noose around the Germans and left a gap which enabled thousands of German soldiers to slip out of the encirclement and retreat to safety.
The Canadian First Army and the Polish 1st Armored Division were ordered to step in. The Canadians used a thick smokescreen in order to mimic their night raids which were very successful, but it proved to cause more harm than good. The visibility was low, and it made navigation difficult. In addition to that, some Canadian units used yellow smoke to identify their positions to the bombers, but the yellow smoke was intended to identify targets. Thus, friendly fire occurred when the Allied aircraft dropped bombs on Canadian positions. The confusion and havoc among the Canadian troops enabled the Germans to organize reinforcements ― Tiger tanks of the SS-Panzer Abteilung that helped Germans even the odds a bit.
The progress was slow but imminent. Besides from Falaise, the Allies captured two more villages ― Trun and Soulangy. In addition to that, the Americans captured Chambois, southwest of Falaise, so conditions for a new encirclement were thus created.
6. The Noose Tightens
On 17th of August, the Canadian, Polish, British and American troops managed to develop an incomplete encirclement inside which were more than 150,000 German soldiers. During Operation Tractable, von Kluge was relieved from his position after he refused to stage yet another counterattack in order to disrupt the envelopment. Apart from that, von Kluge was suspected to be involved in the July 20th plot to kill Hitler, and was thus replaced by Fieldmarshall Walter Model, the Fuhrers trusted the expert on desperate defense battles.
The envelopment line was broken at St. Lambert by the 2nd Panzer Divison, which managed to provide a substantial gap through which thousands of soldiers escaped. The encirclement was broken during the day in several other places, enabling more than 10,000 German soldiers to avoid death or capture by the Allies at the Falaise Pocket. The Germans inside the pocket were still staging bloody counter-attacks, probing the Allied defenses, while the noose around their neck started to tighten.
7. The Last German Attempt to Break the Encirclement
The Poles held the north-eastern part of the pocket, which made them vulnerable to attacks outside the pocket by elements of German armor which were intended to assist the breaking of the encirclement and rescuing the soldiers trapped inside. Model used the 2nd SS Panzer Division and 9th SS Panzer Division in a coordinated attack on 20th of August. Both the troops outside and inside the pocket charged the Polish positions. The Poles were dug in and ready. Disastrous hand to hand and close quarters combat followed as the Germans were keen on overrunning the Poles. It was 1939 payback time, and the Polish troops managed to withstand a series of counter-attacks at the cost of nearly all of their ammunition.
Artillery barrages were fired continuously on the retreating German troops which caused additional casualties. The German fighting spirit was gone. The soldiers under Model’s command were incapable of staging any more counter-attacks.
8. Battle Analysis
The Battle of the Falaise Pocket ended the Battle of Normandy with a decisive German defeat. Hitler once again proved to an incompetent commander, one who refused to listen to his officers. Led by his ego, he only projected his wishes onto his generals, without even considering the real situation. The cost at Normandy was grave indeed; forty divisions lost.
On the other hand, the Allies proved that the years of waiting were paying off. They were well-organized, cooperative and swift in their advance. Strategically, the Battle of Falaise Pocket was a gateway to the liberation of Paris, and subsequently, all of France.
9. The Greatest Killing Field on the Western Front
The area in which the Germans were encircled resembled a dug-up graveyard ― remains of the battle were everywhere. A number of corpses were threatening to spread all sorts of diseases, and the area was thus proclaimed an “unhealthy zone.” Allied pilots who flew above Falaise several times reported that the staunch was horrible and that they could sense the smell of rotting corpses hundreds of feet above it. General Eisenhower stated after the battle:
“The battlefield at Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest “killing fields” of any of the war areas. Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could be described only by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.”
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs Lt Col John (Jack) Christensen Lt Col Charlie Brown LTC Greg Henning LTC Jeff Shearer Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price Maj Marty Hogan CPT Scott Sharon CWO3 Dennis M. SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSG William Jones SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski PO1 H Gene Lawrence PO2 Kevin Parker PO3 Bob McCord
Summary: "The area in which the Germans were encircled resembled a dug-up graveyard ― remains of the battle were everywhere. A number of corpses were threatening to spread all sorts of diseases, and the area was thus proclaimed an “unhealthy zone.” Allied pilots who flew above Falaise several times reported that the staunch was horrible and that they could sense the smell of rotting corpses hundreds of feet above it. General Eisenhower stated after the battle: “The battlefield at Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest “killing fields” of any of the war areas. Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could be described only by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.”
Image: German counterattacks against Canadian-Polish positions on 20 August 1944
Background from warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/10-facts-battle-falaise-pocket.html
The Battle of the Falaise Pocket was fought August 12-21, 1944,
"3. Operation Totalize
Apart from the American advance, the British and Canadians also had a successful series of operations. In order to press the German defenses south of the town of Caen, the First Canadian Army together with the First Polish Armored Division launched Operation Totalize. The plan was to drive the German troops, which were now assembled mostly of remnants of different divisions further south, towards the city of Falaise, where they would cut them off, while the US and British troops advanced from west and northwest, respectively.
The Canadians combined heavy duty bombing actions with night raids using motorized infantry which were intended to wear down the German defense lines in preparations for a final push. Despite heavy casualties on the Canadian side, which were a result of poor and indecisive leadership, the operation was deemed successful, as the Germans were forced to flee further south.
4. The Forming of the Encirclement
During Operation Totalize the Allied Commander of Ground Forces, Bernard Montgomery, suggested an envelopment tactic to be conducted in the area around the French town of Falaise. The plan was that the British and Canadian troops strike left from Falaise toward the River Seine while the U.S. Third Army blocked the escape route between the Seine and Loire rivers, trapping all surviving German forces in western France.
In a discussion with General Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander, Montgomery accepted his proposal to let the US troops create a shorter envelopment by capturing the town of Argentan, just south of Falaise. The idea was to close the Germans in an area between Falaise and Argentan.
5. Operation Tractable
Operation Tractable, conducted by joint forces of Canada and Poland together with one brigade of British tanks, was the first stage of the creation of the Falaise Pocket. The Allies made a significant push towards the town of Falaise, while the US Third Army captured Alencon and Argentan. The battle was on. The Allies were closing in, and the Germans slowly felt the trap. Suddenly, despite General Patton’s orders to continue to push the Germans further into the pocket by staging attacks from Argentan, the 5th U.S. Armored Division was ordered by Bradley to withdraw from the town several kilometers back. This widened the noose around the Germans and left a gap which enabled thousands of German soldiers to slip out of the encirclement and retreat to safety.
The Canadian First Army and the Polish 1st Armored Division were ordered to step in. The Canadians used a thick smokescreen in order to mimic their night raids which were very successful, but it proved to cause more harm than good. The visibility was low, and it made navigation difficult. In addition to that, some Canadian units used yellow smoke to identify their positions to the bombers, but the yellow smoke was intended to identify targets. Thus, friendly fire occurred when the Allied aircraft dropped bombs on Canadian positions. The confusion and havoc among the Canadian troops enabled the Germans to organize reinforcements ― Tiger tanks of the SS-Panzer Abteilung that helped Germans even the odds a bit.
The progress was slow but imminent. Besides from Falaise, the Allies captured two more villages ― Trun and Soulangy. In addition to that, the Americans captured Chambois, southwest of Falaise, so conditions for a new encirclement were thus created.
6. The Noose Tightens
On 17th of August, the Canadian, Polish, British and American troops managed to develop an incomplete encirclement inside which were more than 150,000 German soldiers. During Operation Tractable, von Kluge was relieved from his position after he refused to stage yet another counterattack in order to disrupt the envelopment. Apart from that, von Kluge was suspected to be involved in the July 20th plot to kill Hitler, and was thus replaced by Fieldmarshall Walter Model, the Fuhrers trusted the expert on desperate defense battles.
The envelopment line was broken at St. Lambert by the 2nd Panzer Divison, which managed to provide a substantial gap through which thousands of soldiers escaped. The encirclement was broken during the day in several other places, enabling more than 10,000 German soldiers to avoid death or capture by the Allies at the Falaise Pocket. The Germans inside the pocket were still staging bloody counter-attacks, probing the Allied defenses, while the noose around their neck started to tighten.
7. The Last German Attempt to Break the Encirclement
The Poles held the north-eastern part of the pocket, which made them vulnerable to attacks outside the pocket by elements of German armor which were intended to assist the breaking of the encirclement and rescuing the soldiers trapped inside. Model used the 2nd SS Panzer Division and 9th SS Panzer Division in a coordinated attack on 20th of August. Both the troops outside and inside the pocket charged the Polish positions. The Poles were dug in and ready. Disastrous hand to hand and close quarters combat followed as the Germans were keen on overrunning the Poles. It was 1939 payback time, and the Polish troops managed to withstand a series of counter-attacks at the cost of nearly all of their ammunition.
Artillery barrages were fired continuously on the retreating German troops which caused additional casualties. The German fighting spirit was gone. The soldiers under Model’s command were incapable of staging any more counter-attacks.
8. Battle Analysis
The Battle of the Falaise Pocket ended the Battle of Normandy with a decisive German defeat. Hitler once again proved to an incompetent commander, one who refused to listen to his officers. Led by his ego, he only projected his wishes onto his generals, without even considering the real situation. The cost at Normandy was grave indeed; forty divisions lost.
On the other hand, the Allies proved that the years of waiting were paying off. They were well-organized, cooperative and swift in their advance. Strategically, the Battle of Falaise Pocket was a gateway to the liberation of Paris, and subsequently, all of France.
9. The Greatest Killing Field on the Western Front
The area in which the Germans were encircled resembled a dug-up graveyard ― remains of the battle were everywhere. A number of corpses were threatening to spread all sorts of diseases, and the area was thus proclaimed an “unhealthy zone.” Allied pilots who flew above Falaise several times reported that the staunch was horrible and that they could sense the smell of rotting corpses hundreds of feet above it. General Eisenhower stated after the battle:
“The battlefield at Falaise was unquestionably one of the greatest “killing fields” of any of the war areas. Forty-eight hours after the closing of the gap I was conducted through it on foot, to encounter scenes that could be described only by Dante. It was literally possible to walk for hundreds of yards at a time, stepping on nothing but dead and decaying flesh.”
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs Lt Col John (Jack) Christensen Lt Col Charlie Brown LTC Greg Henning LTC Jeff Shearer Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price Maj Marty Hogan CPT Scott Sharon CWO3 Dennis M. SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSG William Jones SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski PO1 H Gene Lawrence PO2 Kevin Parker PO3 Bob McCord
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It's so easy to look back in time and judge what happened. War is fluid and constantly changing. A massive engagement like this is bound to have hickups. Hindsight is easy... Especially if you are sitting behind a desk.
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I believe the Falaise Pocket escape was more based on the German counterattack to open corridors for German armies to escape. Patton's third army was fired up and ready to go to the Falaise Pocket but Bradley told him stand down. Who knows how much Patton's destruction his army would have meted out.
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LTC (Join to see)
Thank you, Ken, and Canadian historians may have overlooked this piece of information.
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