Because cast reinforced concrete has not traditionally been a recognised part of the Western Christmas aesthetic, many local authorities across Europe have taken steps to soften the visual impact of the anti-vehicle barriers, now made necessary to protect large gatherings of people from terror attacks.
While large gatherings of people of all kinds have been targeted by terrorists in recent years across Europe, the December 2016 attack against the Berlin Christmas market has provoked a particularly visible response after asylum seeker Anis Amri murdered a Polish lorry driver, hijacked his vehicle, and drove into the Christmas Celebration, killing 11.