Can I retake the asvab while on rotation in Poland?

There's no testing center in Poland. Also, why do you think you need to raise your score, what's your end goal?

So, not in Poland, but sounds like you’re on the same rotation I did last year, when you get to Germany, depending on your command you can take it if you have already taken the TABE test.
In the mean time hop on Khanacademy and start studying that math

I did the AFCT and raised my GT score by 25 points. I’m not sure about testing there, but I’d recommend doing so when you get back. The opportunities for schools greatly increase when you do this (if you increase your GT past 100/110).