If you get a dishonorable discharge, or something less than a honorable, does it blacklist you from other federal jobs?

One should certainly hope so...

Can you apply? Yes. Will you get hired? Not with a BCD or a DD. Remember, they do background checks. An OTH maybe, but I do not believe you get any veterans preference points for that either so that would be 5 or more points behind any other vet candidate applying for the same job.

V/R
Bogie

If you have a dishonorable or Back Conduct Discharge you will have an extremely difficult time finding employment as a government employee regardless of it being State or Federal. Slim to none.
You may squeak by with OTH or General but for Gov jobs they are generally looking for Honorable Discharges across the board. The main reason being that gov jobs require a background check and any criminal charges civilian or otherwise will flag you.