My Lai Massacre - Cover-up, investigation, and legacy

On March 16, 1968, the My Lai massacre occurred when American soldiers killed about 400 unarmed Vietnamese civilians in one of the most controversial incidents of the Vietnam War. From the article:

"My Lai Massacre | Facts, Map, & Photos

My Lai, a subdivision of Son My village, was located in the province of Quang Ngai, roughly 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Quang Ngai city. The area had been dubbed “Pinkville” by U.S. soldiers because of the reddish colour used to indicate the densely populated My Lai area on military maps. By the time Charlie Company of the 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Infantry Brigade, arrived in Vietnam in December 1967. “Pinkville” had earned a reputation as a heavily mined hotbed of Viet Cong activity. In January 1968 Charlie was one of three companies tasked with the destruction of the 48th Battalion, an especially effective Viet Cong unit operating in Quang Ngai province. Throughout February and early March, Charlie Company suffered dozens of casualties due to mines and booby traps, but it failed to engage the 48th Batallion. After the debacle of the broad Tet Offensive, the Viet Cong had returned to guerrilla tactics and tended to avoid direct encounters with U.S. forces.

Intelligence suggested that the 48th Batallion had taken refuge in the My Lai area (though in reality, that unit was in the western Quang Ngai highlands, more than 40 miles [65 km] away). In a briefing on March 15, Charlie Company’s commander, Capt. Ernest Medina, told his men that they would finally be given the opportunity to fight the enemy that had eluded them for over a month. Believing that civilians had already left the area for Quang Ngai city, he directed that anyone found in My Lai should be treated as a Viet Cong fighter or sympathizer. Under these rules of engagement, soldiers were free to fire at anyone or anything. Moreover, the troops of Charlie Company were ordered to destroy crops and buildings and to kill livestock.

Massacre at My Lai
Shortly before 7:30 am on March 16, 1968, Son My village was shelled by U.S. artillery. The preparatory barrage was intended to clear a landing area for Charlie Company’s helicopters, but its actual effect was to force those civilians who had begun leaving the area back to My Lai in search of cover. Minutes later, Charlie Company’s 1st Platoon, led by Lieut. William Calley, was inserted a short distance to the west of a sub-hamlet known locally as Xom Lang but marked as My Lai (4) on U.S. military maps.

By 7:50 am the remainder of Charlie Company had landed, and Calley led 1st Platoon east through My Lai. Although they encountered no resistance, the soldiers nonetheless killed indiscriminately. Over the next hour, groups of women, children, and elderly men were rounded up and shot at close range. U.S. soldiers also committed numerous rapes. Charlie Company’s 2nd Platoon moved north from the landing zone, killing dozens, while 3rd Platoon followed behind, destroying the hamlet’s remaining buildings and shooting survivors. At 9:00 am Calley ordered the execution of as many as 150 Vietnamese civilians who had been herded into an irrigation ditch.

Sgt. Ron Haeberle, a U.S. Army photographer attached to Charlie Company, documented the events of the day. He used a black-and-white camera for official Army records but shot in colour on his personal camera. Many of the black-and-white images depicted soldiers questioning prisoners, searching possessions, and burning huts; although the destruction of property violated U.S. military command directives, such actions were typical of a search-and-destroy mission and did not provide direct evidence of war crimes. Haeberle’s personal colour photographs, which he did not turn over to the Army, were later published in the Cleveland Plain Dealer and Life magazine. One graphically depicted a trail littered with the bodies of dead women, children, and infants, and another captured a group of terrified women and children moments before they were shot. These photographs served to galvanize the anti-Vietnam War movement and would become some of the most recognizable images of the war.

As the massacre was taking place, Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson was flying a scout helicopter at low altitude above My Lai. Observing wounded civilians, he marked their locations with smoke grenades and radioed for troops on the ground to proceed to those positions to administer medical aid. After refueling, Thompson returned to My Lai only to see that the wounded civilians subsequently had been killed. Spotting a squad of U.S. soldiers converging on more than a dozen women and children, Thompson landed his helicopter between the two groups. Thompson’s door gunner, Lawrence Colburn, and his crew chief, Glenn Andreotta, manned their weapons as Thompson hailed other helicopters to join him in ferrying the civilians to safety. In 1998 Thompson, Colburn, and Andreotta (posthumously) were awarded the Soldier’s Medal for acts of extraordinary bravery not involving contact with the enemy.

By 11:00 am as many as 500 Vietnamese civilians had been killed. Medina ordered Charlie Company to break for lunch and informed his superiors that scores of Viet Cong had been killed in the operation. The sole U.S. casualty had occurred when a soldier shot himself in the foot while trying to clear a jammed weapon.

Cover-up, investigation, and legacy
Upon his return to base later that morning, Thompson reported that he had observed the widespread killing of civilians in My Lai. Over subsequent days, while Charlie Company continued its unsuccessful search for the 48th Viet Cong Battalion, a cursory investigation was made of Thompson’s allegations. In spite of reports from Vietnamese officials that hundreds of civilians had been killed in My Lai and that Son My village had been almost entirely razed, the official after-action report characterized the My Lai operation as a resounding success. On April 24, 1968, Col. Oran Henderson, commander of the 11th Infantry Brigade, concluded that 20 civilians had been accidentally killed at My Lai, either in the opening artillery barrage or in crossfire between U.S. and Viet Cong forces, and that Thompson’s report was false. Thompson found himself assigned to increasingly dangerous missions with inadequate air cover; he was shot down five times, breaking his back in the final crash.

By late April 1968 Ronald Ridenhour, a helicopter door gunner who had trained with members of Charlie Company, had begun to pursue an informal investigation of the massacre after learning of it from troops who had been present that day. Ridenhour spent the rest of his time in Vietnam gathering eyewitness testimony. Having returned to the United States and separated from the Army, on March 29, 1969, Ridenhour mailed a report of his findings on the “Pinkville incident” to members of Congress, the Pentagon, and others in Washington. This letter sparked official investigations of both the massacre itself and the subsequent cover-up. Ridenhour, Medina, Thompson, and Calley were among those interviewed, and in September 1969 Calley was charged with the murder of 109 Vietnamese civilians.

Acting on a tip, journalist Seymour Hersh made contact with Calley’s defense team. In November 1969 Hersh’s Pulitzer Prize-winning account of “point-blank murder” at My Lai appeared in newspapers along with Haeberle’s photos, shocking the world. In addition to Calley, Medina and another officer, along with nine enlisted men, were charged with crimes in connection to My Lai. With the exception of Calley, all of those charged were acquitted or had the cases against them dismissed before trial. In stark contrast with the defendants at the Nürnberg trials that followed World War II, the members of Charlie Company were successfully able to argue that they simply had been following orders on March 16, 1968. At the conclusion of Calley’s court-martial in March 1971, he was found guilty of the murder of 22 Vietnamese civilians and sentenced to life in prison. Many observers, however, believed that Calley had been made a scapegoat, and in 1974 he was paroled. The massacre and other atrocities revealed during the trial divided the U.S. public and contributed to growing disillusionment with the war.

While the criminal investigation was ongoing, a parallel inquiry, launched by Lieut. Gen. William Peers on November 26, 1969, probed the cover-up of the My Lai incident at virtually every level of command. Peers’s staff conducted hundreds of interviews, collecting tens of thousands of pages of testimony at a furious pace. Any charges that would be brought were subject to a two-year statute of limitations, so Peers had less than four months to complete his investigation. On March 14, 1970, Peers submitted his final report, concluding that “at every command level from company to division, actions were taken or omitted which together effectively concealed from higher headquarters the events which transpired” at My Lai. Among the 30 individuals singled out by Peers for having failed to report or fully investigate the unlawful killing of civilians were Calley, Medina, Henderson, and Haeberle. With just two days left to act, the Army brought charges against 14 officers; however, all but one of the cases was dismissed due to lack of evidence. Henderson, the highest ranking officer to be tried in connection with My Lai, was court-martialed for dereliction of duty for having failed to fully investigate the killings. He was found not guilty on December 18, 1971.

In 1976, just a year after the fall of Saigon, the first memorial was erected at My Lai. Over time the site—officially the Son My Vestige Area—grew to include a museum, gardens, and commemorative statuary. Artifacts recovered from the area and Haeberle’s photographs figure prominently in the museum’s collection. Stelae indicate the locations of mass burial sites, and a memorial wall lists the names of hundreds of victims. The hamlet itself has also been partially recreated; replicas depict both burned out buildings and homes as they looked prior to March 16, 1968."From