Elias Canetti

On July 25, 1905, Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-British author (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1981), was born in Ruse, Bulgaria (d. 1994). From the article:

"Elias Canetti was born on July 25, 1905, in Rustschuck (present-day Rousse) in Bulgaria. Canetti chose to be a German writer because of his appreciation for the culture and history. He was a novelist, essayist, and playwright who drew on history and myths to produce compelling works. Canetti considered it the responsibility of writers to preserve and invent myths to continue this style of conventional creativity.

Elias Canetti was the eldest son in a Jewish merchant family, whose ancestors were Sephardi Jews who had been expelled from Spain in 1492. The original family name was Cañete, named after a village in Spain. Elias spent his childhood years, from 1905 to 1911, in Rustchuk until the family moved to England. In 1912 his father died suddenly, and his mother moved with their children to Vienna in the same year. They lived in Vienna from the time Canetti was aged seven onwards. His mother insisted that he speak German, and taught it to him. By this time Canetti already spoke Ladino (his mother tongue), Bulgarian, English and some French (he studied the latter two in the one year in England). Subsequently the family moved first (from 1916 to 1921) to Zurich and then (until 1924) to Germany, where Canetti graduated from high school. It was during his travels that Canetti wrote his first piece of literature, a verse play titled Junius Brutus.

After high school, Canetti returned to Vienna to study chemistry. However, he truly grew passionate for literature and philosophy. Canetti submerged himself into literary groups, where he first began his writing career. Politically leaning towards the left, he participated in the July Revolt of 1927. Ironically, in 1929, Canetti received a degree in chemistry from the University of Vienna; he would never work as a chemist.

In 1938, with the Nazi rise to power, and the inclusion of Austria into “Greater Germany,” Canetti moved to London. He became closely involved with the painter Marie-Louise Von Motesiczky, who was to remain a close companion for many years to come. His name has also been linked with that of the author Iris Murdoch. In 1935, Canetti produced his breakout novel, Die Blendung (Auto-da-Fé, or The Tower of Babel); however, he would not receive recognition for his literature until the 1960s. His best-known piece, completed in 1960, is Masse und Macht (Crowds and Power). This inspired work imagines a world enveloped by disorder and power, and a study of crowd behavior as it manifests itself in human activities ranging from mob violence to religious congregations.

Despite being a German writer, Canetti settled and stayed in England until the 1970s, receiving British citizenship in 1952. For his last 20 years, Canetti mostly lived in Zurich.Elias Canetti won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1981. Elias Canetti died on August 13, 1994, at the age of 89 in Zurich.

The following press release from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences describes Canetti’s work:

When surveyed, Elias Canetti’s literary work may seem split up, comprising as it does of so many genres. His oeuvre consists of a novel, three plays, several volumes of notes and aphorisms, a profound examination of the origin, structures and effect of the mass movement, a travel book, portraits of authors, character studies, and memoirs; but these writings, pursued in such different directions, are held together by a most original and vigorously profiled personality.

The exiled and cosmopolitian author, Canetti has one native land, and that is the German language. He has never abandoned it, and he has often avowed his love of the highest manifestations of the classical German culture. He has warmly emphasized what Goethe, for instance, has meant to him as medicina mentis.

His foremost purely fictional achievement is the great novel, Die Blendung, (Auto da Fé ) published in 1935 and praised then by Thomas Mann and Hermann Broch. But it can be said to have attained its full effect during the last decades: against the background of national socialism's brutal power politics, resulting in a world conflagration, the novel acquires a deepened perspective.

Die Blendung was part of an originally planned series of novels which was to take the shape of a “comédie humaine of the madmen”. The book has such fantastic and demoniacal elements that associations to Russian 19th century writers like Gogol and Dostoievsky - to whom, by the way, Canetti himself has declared he owes a debt of gratitude - are apparent. The main scene of the macabre and grotesque events that the novel discloses is an apartment house in Vienna. It is an aspect of key importance when Die Blendung is regarded by several critics as a single fundamental metaphor for the threat exercised by the “mass man” within ourselves. Close at hand is the viewpoint from which the novel stands out as a study of a type of man who isolates himself in self-sufficient specialization - here, the sinologist Peter Kien surrounded by his many books - only to succumb helplessly in a world of ruthlessly harsh realities.

Die Blendung leads over to the big examination of the origin, composition and reaction patterns of the mass movements which Canetti, after decades of research and study, published with Masse und Macht (Crowds and Power, 1960). It is a magisterial work by a polyhistor who knows how to reveal an overwhelmingly large number of viewpoints of men’s behaviour as mass beings. By going in particular to the primitive peoples, their myths and fairytales, Canetti tries to pinpoint the character of the mass movements. In his field of research he introduces not only the actual masses but also the imaginary ones: the masses of “the spirits”, “the angels” and “the devils”, which are such important elements in many religions. He explores the nature and significance of the national mass symbols; with acumen he illustrates the psychological problems of commands and obedience. Like Gustave Le Bon, he sees the archaic components in the mass movements of the new age. In his basically ahistorical analysis, what he wants to expose and attack by scrutinizing the origin and nature of the mass is, in the end, the religion of power. According to Canetti, deep down behind every command, every exercise of power, is the threat of death. Survival itself becomes the nucleus of power. At the last, the mortal enemy is death itself: this is a principal theme, held to with an oddly pathetic strength, in Elias Canetti’s literary works.

Apart from the intensive work on Masse und Macht, Canetti has written strongly concentrated, aphoristic notes, issued in several volumes. They usually emanate from concrete situations which can be regarded as metaphors for something generic. A satirical bite in the observations of people’s behaviour, a loathing of wars and devastation, bitterness at the thought of life’s brevity are characteristic features of the continuous notes. By virtue of his abundant wit and stylistic pithiness, Canetti stands out as one of the foremost aphorists of our time, a man who, in his phrasing of life’s ironies, is sometimes reminiscent of great predecessors like La Bruyère and Lichtenberg.

The plays Canetti has written are all of a more or less absurd kind: Hochzeit (Wedding), 1932, Komödie der Eitelkeit (The Comedy of Vanity), 1950, Die Befristeten (The Deadlined), 1956. In their portrayal of extreme situations, often depicting human vulgarity, these “acoustic masks”, as Canetti calls the plays, are of decided interest.

With Die Stimmen von Marrakesch (The Voices of Marrakesh ), 1967, Canetti published a travel book which shows his keen eye for life in the poor outskirts of existence; with Der Ohrenzeuge (Earwitness), 1974, he presented a collection of “characters” in the spirit of Theophrastus. Among his literary portrait studies, special mention can be made of Der andere Prozess (Kafka’s Other Trial) , 1969, in which, with intense involvement, he examines Kafka’s complicated relationship to Felice Bauer. The study forms itself into a picture of a man whose life and work meant the relinquishing of power.

Finally, standing out as a peak in Elias Canetti’s writings are his memoirs, so far in two large volumes: Die gerettete Zunge (The Tongue Set Free), 1977, and Die Fackel im Ohr (The Torch in the Ear), 1980. In these recollections of his childhood and youth, he reveals his vigorous epic power of description to its full extent. A great deal of the political and cultural life in Central Europe in the early 1900s - especially the form it took in Vienna - is reflected in the memoirs. The peculiar environments, the many remarkable human destinies with which Canetti was confronted, and his unique educational path - always aiming at universal knowledge - are seen here in a style and with a lucidity that have very few qualitative equivalents in the memoirs written in the German language this century."