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This is not so much making an argument as it is just getting the information out there. It may be marine specific on some accounts, but the terms also transfer to other branches, and it's just all around good knowledge:
Private/PFC- Origin: Medieval England
Explanation-Kingdoms in the middle ages, for the most part, did not have a standing army at all times, but instead asked peasants to take up arms when the time came. In return for their services (in some places anyways) the reward for serving in the army was a piece of land that peasant could call their own, thereby making them a Private land owner. Because of that, the peasants that would answer the call were often termed "Privates". "Private First Class" were guys in the same situation, but were more proficient, as the term implies "Top of the Class" or "First in the Class".
Lance Corporal- Origin: Medieval Europe
Explanation-Upon becoming a Non-Commissioned Officer during the middle ages, one would obtain the rank of Corporal and would normally gain more of a command position, and would receive their own horse and lance to ride into battle. The horse was the critical way of demonstrating rank back then. So the obvious issue is what happens when your horse dies and you don't? Do you just go back to being a Private? In order to accommodate people in that situation, the rank of Lance Corporal was created to distinguish those guys. They fought on the ground- with a lance. The same principal applied to Sergeants whose horses were killed, and to this day the British military uses the title of Lance Sergeant.
Corporal- Origin: Ancient Roman Republic
Explanation-In the ancient world, the Roman Legion dominated Europe through strict discipline and cohesive organization; in fact the word cohesive comes from the Roman military cohort. A Cohort was one row of Centuries in a Legion, and a Century consisted anywhere from 80 to 150 legionnaires. Each Century was lead by a Centurion, which was equivalent of a Lieutenant today as far as authority. The issue was coordinating 80-150 men when they literally led from the front, so the Centurions began the practice of creating a title for their top men in each rank of the Century, giving them the Latin rank of "Capo Corporale" which translates to English as "Head of a Body", and these men stood in what we would compare to a Squad Leader's position in formation, meaning they were the head of each rank. "Capo Corporale" became Corporal over the last millennium, and today has this meaning, or "embodiment" depending on who you ask.
Sergeant- Origin: Unkown; Word comes from Ancient Roman Republic
Explanation-The concept, authority, and meaning of the modern Sergeant is the oldest rank still in use in the world. It goes back to the Fertile Crescent at the dawn of civilization, and the idea might even go back even further. The actual title and rank of Sergeant goes back once again to Ancient Rome. "Serventus" is Latin for "Servant", and "Sergentus" is Latin for "Sergeant"; the two were at one point one and the same, and as Rome began to glorify it's military more, they distinguished the Sergeant from the Servant. At the time, both still filled the same roles: coordinating the General's events, making his appointments, protecting the commander while enforcing his will and discipline to the rank and file, and making sure his is thoroughly briefed on everything.
*The rest of the Enlisted ranks, though used before and During WWII, were not made official ranks until the 1950's. While they had their own rank insignia, these ranks were more as billets, and not an actual rank (ie, the pay grade didn't change, only the responsibility). I'm not going to list the origins for them because they all came and went since the gunpowder age and each have multiple origins depending to the situation; some were given it permanently, some were given the rank for a single battle or operation.*
Staff Sergeant/Platoon Sergeant-
A Staff Sergeant is as simple as it sounds: A Sergeant that is accepted into the General's (or commander's) staff, and is usually the one dealing with security and relaying officers' orders to junior Sergeants. I add Platoon Sergeant in here because the ranks are very similar, only Platoon Sergeant was an infantry-specific rank and designated as the senior Sergeant in a Platoon, and acted as the escort, liaison, and advisor to his Platoon Commander (You will see this again).
Gunnery Sergeant-
A Gunnery Sergeant has history dealing with Artillery Batteries as far back as the Hundred Years' War. He was the senior Sergeant to a battery commander. Later the term would be used for various titles from the Sergeant that was in charge of training ranges, to the Sergeant in charge of the armory. "The Gunny" would gain a reputation as the only type of Sergeant that could be insubordinate and disrespectful to junior commissioned officers, even to the point of hitting them over the head and kicking them off of the range for flagging the line, damaging or tampering with weapons, or not following proper procedures. Though normally this type of behavior would be met with whippings, hangings, or demotion, depending on the time frame, senior officers knew the Gunnery Sergeant was the guy that made the guns, regardless of size, work, and they tended to side with him on disputes over the junior officers.
Master Sergeant/Master Gunnery Sergeant-
Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants are newer ranks developed during the reorganization of the US military in the 1950's, although there is some scarce evidence of them being used prior to that. They were created to coincide with the quote describing the changing military: "I still need Marines who can shoot and salute. But I need Marines who can fix jet engines and man sophisticated radar sets, as well" (General Robert E. Cushman, Jr., USMC). These ranks were created as a way to equate a military version of civilian guild system (Apprentice-Journeyman-Master) and are regarded as Masters of their trade and craft, hence the rank titles.
First Sergeant/Sergeant Major-
This is simple- Both titles mean the same thing- they are the senior Sergeants in their unit. At the Company level, the First Sergeant is "The first among Sergeants" in his company. At all levels above, The Sergeant Major is the "Sergeant of the majority", which is also why you don't pluralize it as "Sergeant Majors", you say "Sergeants Major", because they are the Sergeants of the majority. Both their duties are the same, just on different levels: they act as the escort, liaison, and advisor to his/her commander.
Warrant Officer Ranks- Origin: Great Britain, age of discovery
Explanation: Warrant officer ranks started in the British Royal Navy and were created due to a high influx of nobility wanting to serve on British warships during the age of exploration. While these noblemen had previous military experience, none of them knew anything of life on a ship, how to steer, or how to relate. To avoid getting thrown off the ship, they wrote warrants to senior men, giving them the title of Warrant Officer (a rank by warrant, not commissioned and only recognized on the ship serving on and not by the rest of the Navy), as a buffer zone between the nobles and the drunken, angry sailors. As times changed, the rank split to be more efficient, where some were sent back to the enlisted ranks as Chief Petty Officers to man the cannons, and the remaining warrant officers became more absorbed with the commissioned officer ranks as the officer equivalent as Chief Warrant Officers; the rank of Warrant Officer was brought back later as a probational rank before being given a commission.
2nd and 1st Lieutenant- Origin: Medieval France
Explanation: Most military organization until the middle ages was simple: you have a General, and everybody else. When the General wasn't around, a Captain was appointed. That changed as armies became larger and needed more logistics and support in order to function properly. First, Generals were always nobility, and needed to constantly be at home to govern their lands. Captains were also lower nobility and also needed to frequently go home. So in order to keep control of the military,they would appoint someone else to lead the army while they were at home, usually one of their sons. These became Lieutenants, when broken down: "Lieu" and "Tenant" basically saying this guy is in charge "In lieu of the Tenant", the Tenant in this case being the Captain. There are two of them because sometimes the son appointed had to go home as well, so he appointed a brother, or sometimes a son to be the "Second guy that is in charge in lieu of the tenant".
Captain- Origin: Ancient Rome
Captain started as a naval term that designated the "Head" of a ship. Just as from Corporal's "Capo Corporale", "Capo", today's captain, means "Head", or more practically, "The Head". It can be the head of a Company, a ship, or industry.
Major- Origin: Medieval France
A Major simply commands "The Majority of the population". That is where is comes from and was probably created to distinguish a senior Captain from a Junior one.
Lieutenant Colonel/ Colonel- Origin: Renaissance in Spain and France
As gunpowder became a dominant weapon in Europe, many 'sword and shield' troops found themselves out of a job, and decided to band together to become mercenaries for hire. They settled in Spain and created mercenary camps known as "Coronelias", these camps were lead by a Coronel, which was believed to mean either the 'crown (Corona)', or the 'heart (Corazon)' of these armies. During the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, almost all of these mercenaries were hired by the French to defend Catholicism. The Coronels were given high priority in the French military, and eventually the name merged with French and English until the name was watered down to become Colonel. A Lieutenant Colonel is in charge "In Lieu of the Colonel".
General Ranks- Origin: Ancient Rome, Medieval and Renaissance Europe
-Brigadier General- General in charge of a Brigade
-Major General- General in charge of the Majority
-Lieutenant General- General in charge "in lieu of" the General
-General- The guy in charge of the GENERAL population. This one is the oldest, and the other three were adapted later, and coincide with similar rank descriptions.
Private/PFC- Origin: Medieval England
Explanation-Kingdoms in the middle ages, for the most part, did not have a standing army at all times, but instead asked peasants to take up arms when the time came. In return for their services (in some places anyways) the reward for serving in the army was a piece of land that peasant could call their own, thereby making them a Private land owner. Because of that, the peasants that would answer the call were often termed "Privates". "Private First Class" were guys in the same situation, but were more proficient, as the term implies "Top of the Class" or "First in the Class".
Lance Corporal- Origin: Medieval Europe
Explanation-Upon becoming a Non-Commissioned Officer during the middle ages, one would obtain the rank of Corporal and would normally gain more of a command position, and would receive their own horse and lance to ride into battle. The horse was the critical way of demonstrating rank back then. So the obvious issue is what happens when your horse dies and you don't? Do you just go back to being a Private? In order to accommodate people in that situation, the rank of Lance Corporal was created to distinguish those guys. They fought on the ground- with a lance. The same principal applied to Sergeants whose horses were killed, and to this day the British military uses the title of Lance Sergeant.
Corporal- Origin: Ancient Roman Republic
Explanation-In the ancient world, the Roman Legion dominated Europe through strict discipline and cohesive organization; in fact the word cohesive comes from the Roman military cohort. A Cohort was one row of Centuries in a Legion, and a Century consisted anywhere from 80 to 150 legionnaires. Each Century was lead by a Centurion, which was equivalent of a Lieutenant today as far as authority. The issue was coordinating 80-150 men when they literally led from the front, so the Centurions began the practice of creating a title for their top men in each rank of the Century, giving them the Latin rank of "Capo Corporale" which translates to English as "Head of a Body", and these men stood in what we would compare to a Squad Leader's position in formation, meaning they were the head of each rank. "Capo Corporale" became Corporal over the last millennium, and today has this meaning, or "embodiment" depending on who you ask.
Sergeant- Origin: Unkown; Word comes from Ancient Roman Republic
Explanation-The concept, authority, and meaning of the modern Sergeant is the oldest rank still in use in the world. It goes back to the Fertile Crescent at the dawn of civilization, and the idea might even go back even further. The actual title and rank of Sergeant goes back once again to Ancient Rome. "Serventus" is Latin for "Servant", and "Sergentus" is Latin for "Sergeant"; the two were at one point one and the same, and as Rome began to glorify it's military more, they distinguished the Sergeant from the Servant. At the time, both still filled the same roles: coordinating the General's events, making his appointments, protecting the commander while enforcing his will and discipline to the rank and file, and making sure his is thoroughly briefed on everything.
*The rest of the Enlisted ranks, though used before and During WWII, were not made official ranks until the 1950's. While they had their own rank insignia, these ranks were more as billets, and not an actual rank (ie, the pay grade didn't change, only the responsibility). I'm not going to list the origins for them because they all came and went since the gunpowder age and each have multiple origins depending to the situation; some were given it permanently, some were given the rank for a single battle or operation.*
Staff Sergeant/Platoon Sergeant-
A Staff Sergeant is as simple as it sounds: A Sergeant that is accepted into the General's (or commander's) staff, and is usually the one dealing with security and relaying officers' orders to junior Sergeants. I add Platoon Sergeant in here because the ranks are very similar, only Platoon Sergeant was an infantry-specific rank and designated as the senior Sergeant in a Platoon, and acted as the escort, liaison, and advisor to his Platoon Commander (You will see this again).
Gunnery Sergeant-
A Gunnery Sergeant has history dealing with Artillery Batteries as far back as the Hundred Years' War. He was the senior Sergeant to a battery commander. Later the term would be used for various titles from the Sergeant that was in charge of training ranges, to the Sergeant in charge of the armory. "The Gunny" would gain a reputation as the only type of Sergeant that could be insubordinate and disrespectful to junior commissioned officers, even to the point of hitting them over the head and kicking them off of the range for flagging the line, damaging or tampering with weapons, or not following proper procedures. Though normally this type of behavior would be met with whippings, hangings, or demotion, depending on the time frame, senior officers knew the Gunnery Sergeant was the guy that made the guns, regardless of size, work, and they tended to side with him on disputes over the junior officers.
Master Sergeant/Master Gunnery Sergeant-
Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants are newer ranks developed during the reorganization of the US military in the 1950's, although there is some scarce evidence of them being used prior to that. They were created to coincide with the quote describing the changing military: "I still need Marines who can shoot and salute. But I need Marines who can fix jet engines and man sophisticated radar sets, as well" (General Robert E. Cushman, Jr., USMC). These ranks were created as a way to equate a military version of civilian guild system (Apprentice-Journeyman-Master) and are regarded as Masters of their trade and craft, hence the rank titles.
First Sergeant/Sergeant Major-
This is simple- Both titles mean the same thing- they are the senior Sergeants in their unit. At the Company level, the First Sergeant is "The first among Sergeants" in his company. At all levels above, The Sergeant Major is the "Sergeant of the majority", which is also why you don't pluralize it as "Sergeant Majors", you say "Sergeants Major", because they are the Sergeants of the majority. Both their duties are the same, just on different levels: they act as the escort, liaison, and advisor to his/her commander.
Warrant Officer Ranks- Origin: Great Britain, age of discovery
Explanation: Warrant officer ranks started in the British Royal Navy and were created due to a high influx of nobility wanting to serve on British warships during the age of exploration. While these noblemen had previous military experience, none of them knew anything of life on a ship, how to steer, or how to relate. To avoid getting thrown off the ship, they wrote warrants to senior men, giving them the title of Warrant Officer (a rank by warrant, not commissioned and only recognized on the ship serving on and not by the rest of the Navy), as a buffer zone between the nobles and the drunken, angry sailors. As times changed, the rank split to be more efficient, where some were sent back to the enlisted ranks as Chief Petty Officers to man the cannons, and the remaining warrant officers became more absorbed with the commissioned officer ranks as the officer equivalent as Chief Warrant Officers; the rank of Warrant Officer was brought back later as a probational rank before being given a commission.
2nd and 1st Lieutenant- Origin: Medieval France
Explanation: Most military organization until the middle ages was simple: you have a General, and everybody else. When the General wasn't around, a Captain was appointed. That changed as armies became larger and needed more logistics and support in order to function properly. First, Generals were always nobility, and needed to constantly be at home to govern their lands. Captains were also lower nobility and also needed to frequently go home. So in order to keep control of the military,they would appoint someone else to lead the army while they were at home, usually one of their sons. These became Lieutenants, when broken down: "Lieu" and "Tenant" basically saying this guy is in charge "In lieu of the Tenant", the Tenant in this case being the Captain. There are two of them because sometimes the son appointed had to go home as well, so he appointed a brother, or sometimes a son to be the "Second guy that is in charge in lieu of the tenant".
Captain- Origin: Ancient Rome
Captain started as a naval term that designated the "Head" of a ship. Just as from Corporal's "Capo Corporale", "Capo", today's captain, means "Head", or more practically, "The Head". It can be the head of a Company, a ship, or industry.
Major- Origin: Medieval France
A Major simply commands "The Majority of the population". That is where is comes from and was probably created to distinguish a senior Captain from a Junior one.
Lieutenant Colonel/ Colonel- Origin: Renaissance in Spain and France
As gunpowder became a dominant weapon in Europe, many 'sword and shield' troops found themselves out of a job, and decided to band together to become mercenaries for hire. They settled in Spain and created mercenary camps known as "Coronelias", these camps were lead by a Coronel, which was believed to mean either the 'crown (Corona)', or the 'heart (Corazon)' of these armies. During the Protestant Reformation and the Thirty Years' War, almost all of these mercenaries were hired by the French to defend Catholicism. The Coronels were given high priority in the French military, and eventually the name merged with French and English until the name was watered down to become Colonel. A Lieutenant Colonel is in charge "In Lieu of the Colonel".
General Ranks- Origin: Ancient Rome, Medieval and Renaissance Europe
-Brigadier General- General in charge of a Brigade
-Major General- General in charge of the Majority
-Lieutenant General- General in charge "in lieu of" the General
-General- The guy in charge of the GENERAL population. This one is the oldest, and the other three were adapted later, and coincide with similar rank descriptions.
Military History
Marine Corps
Rank
Posted 11 y ago
Responses: 21
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When was Corporal first used in the Marine Corps as part of the NCO structure? I've been digging around tonight to answer a question on that point, but have come up with nothing.
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Also wondering about the "lance corporal", since that rank is not unique to the USMC. In 17th and 18th century warfare, NCOs were not issued muskets like rank and file. They were armed with an espontoon (essentially a pike or lance) which was his sign of authority. His job was not to necessarily take part in the musket volleys, but to keep the ranks dressed as they maneuvered, gather up stragglers and discourage men from breaking ranks. Maybe the origin of lance corporal could also have come from a junior NCO who was given a espontoon instead of a musket.
Sergeant is also interesting. In addition to what you wrote, the term was used by medieval holy orders (Templars, Hospitallars, Teutonic Knights, etc) for a man-at-arms brother who bore armor and arms and rated a horse, but could not be knighted due to non-noble birth.
Sergeant is also interesting. In addition to what you wrote, the term was used by medieval holy orders (Templars, Hospitallars, Teutonic Knights, etc) for a man-at-arms brother who bore armor and arms and rated a horse, but could not be knighted due to non-noble birth.
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SSgt (Join to see)
Sir, you are right; Lance Corporal is not specific to the USMC. As far a Napoleonic warfare, I can only state that it is perhaps possible a LCPL could have fulfilled the role of wielding the espontoon but I highly doubt it, that privilege would likely be held for Sergeants. I do appreciate the Sergeant history, which emphasized what I already stated: that both the ranks of Corporal and Sergeant (at least in name) come from the ancient Romans, which in turn was adopted by the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages. All of these facts led to forming the modern military that we know today.
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SSgt (Join to see)
Gunny, if I cited every source for this it would be a mile long. You can find out for yourself using the power of Google. if anything I have said is inaccurate, feel free to correct me. I have only been corrected once on this history, and even that was more of an expansion than an interpretation. Many of the definitions can be looked up in any dictionary or encyclopedia.
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GySgt Carl Rumbolo
SSgt (Join to see) - When someone states "Google it" it generally means they spent a little time on the internet and didn't bother to see if their 'sources' are factually correct or are just some rambling conjecture.
Further - this is not a 'History of Marine Corps Ranks" - it an exercise in etymology. Which is a science in and of itself. Someone who is going to play in the field of linguistics and word meaning should be prepared to have their source material challenged. "Go Google it' is not a valid response.
Further, a "history" of Marine Corps rank structure would include ranks and grades no longer current but of historical value that should the evolution of the Marine Corps rank structure. The current rank structure is not the one used throughout the history of the Corps.
Your post is an interesting bit of trivia, don't get me wrong but without source data it's just that - trivia. It's not an actual etymological study and it's certainly not a "History of Marine Corps Ranks"
and remember ...
"If you read it on the internet, it has to be true"
- Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863
Further - this is not a 'History of Marine Corps Ranks" - it an exercise in etymology. Which is a science in and of itself. Someone who is going to play in the field of linguistics and word meaning should be prepared to have their source material challenged. "Go Google it' is not a valid response.
Further, a "history" of Marine Corps rank structure would include ranks and grades no longer current but of historical value that should the evolution of the Marine Corps rank structure. The current rank structure is not the one used throughout the history of the Corps.
Your post is an interesting bit of trivia, don't get me wrong but without source data it's just that - trivia. It's not an actual etymological study and it's certainly not a "History of Marine Corps Ranks"
and remember ...
"If you read it on the internet, it has to be true"
- Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863
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SSgt (Join to see)
Yes, but it's really simple:
Seaman- A man at sea, literally
Petty Officer- A Non-Commissioned Officer, therefore 'petty' as opposed to nobleman
Chief Petty Officer/Warrant Officer/Chief Warrant Officer are included in original post
Ensign- Origin: Ancient Rome. The term is Latin, and literally means "assigned an office" or a basically trained officer
Lieutenant Junior Grade/Lieutenant Senior Grade- Origin: Age of Exploration. Created only to coincide with 2nd LT and 1st LT, and to distinguish a senior LT from a junior one.
Commander/LT Commander- Origin: Ancient Rome. Literally means "To command"... anything the LT part simply means "in Lieu of the Commander"
Captain: Covered in original post
Admiral Ranks: The term Admiral comes from the Arabic language, originally amīr al-baḥr, meaning "Prince of the Sea", or "Commander of the Sea". The term became absorbed by Latin Speaking kingdoms in the Mediterranean, Like the Sicilians, as admiratus, likely meaning either "Admired by his men", or "Admirable in honor".
So to break it down: A Rear Admiral commands on shore, with sailors in the rear, And that is broken down into Lower Half (of the Navy) and Upper Half (of the Navy), a Vice Admiral, much like the VICE President, is second only to the Admiral, and the Admiral is described above, commanding a fleet of ships: Kicking it old school, it looked like this:
Captain- Commands one ship
Commodore- Commands 2 or more ships
Admiral- Commands a fleet.
The one rank not currently being used it "Fleet Admiral", which constitutes command over multiple fleets of different nations. Last used in WWII, when a more clear and concise chain of command was needed.
Hope this answers your question.
Seaman- A man at sea, literally
Petty Officer- A Non-Commissioned Officer, therefore 'petty' as opposed to nobleman
Chief Petty Officer/Warrant Officer/Chief Warrant Officer are included in original post
Ensign- Origin: Ancient Rome. The term is Latin, and literally means "assigned an office" or a basically trained officer
Lieutenant Junior Grade/Lieutenant Senior Grade- Origin: Age of Exploration. Created only to coincide with 2nd LT and 1st LT, and to distinguish a senior LT from a junior one.
Commander/LT Commander- Origin: Ancient Rome. Literally means "To command"... anything the LT part simply means "in Lieu of the Commander"
Captain: Covered in original post
Admiral Ranks: The term Admiral comes from the Arabic language, originally amīr al-baḥr, meaning "Prince of the Sea", or "Commander of the Sea". The term became absorbed by Latin Speaking kingdoms in the Mediterranean, Like the Sicilians, as admiratus, likely meaning either "Admired by his men", or "Admirable in honor".
So to break it down: A Rear Admiral commands on shore, with sailors in the rear, And that is broken down into Lower Half (of the Navy) and Upper Half (of the Navy), a Vice Admiral, much like the VICE President, is second only to the Admiral, and the Admiral is described above, commanding a fleet of ships: Kicking it old school, it looked like this:
Captain- Commands one ship
Commodore- Commands 2 or more ships
Admiral- Commands a fleet.
The one rank not currently being used it "Fleet Admiral", which constitutes command over multiple fleets of different nations. Last used in WWII, when a more clear and concise chain of command was needed.
Hope this answers your question.
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Major General started out as Sergeant Major General. 17th Century English, or there abouts.
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SSgt (Join to see)
It was a rank that was created by Oliver Cromwell while he ruled as dictator of England. He created it as a way of appealing to the commoners and rank-and-file serving under him. Everyone hated the rank, because officers are not Sergeants, and shortened it to "Major General". It is now extinct, and it's creation causes confusion as to why Lieutenant General rates higher than Major General, even though a Major outranks a Lieutenant, primarily because people don't know the history. This does not coincide with the origin of Sergeant Major, surprisingly, as First Sergeant and Sergeant Major started out as an "Orderly Sergeant", what was responsible for the commander's estate, getting him dressed, etc.
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Very good history lesson. Very detailed and will become a good class to pass on. Thank You
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