Posted on Dec 19, 2023
The 9/11 Parable: What Can Israel Learn from the United States’ Post-9/11 Counterterrorism Experience?
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In the wake of the horrific and devastating attacks by HAMAS against Israel, some have drawn comparisons, likening it Israel’s 9/11. The United States underwent a transformation of its counterterrorism strategies following 9/11. In much the same way, Israel may well now face the formidable challenge of reassessing its approach to counterterrorism following the October 7th terrorist attack.
What can Israel learn from the post-9/11 experience of the United States?
The evolution of U.S. counterterrorism policy in the post-9/11 era provides valuable insights for Israel in this moment. My research as part of a PhD dissertation into the development and evolution of U.S. counterterrorism policy during the 20 years following 9/11 revealed four distinct "profiles for policymakers engaging in counterterrorism: The Commander, The Prosecutor, The Negotiator, and The Doctor. Bush, Obama, and Trump respectively adopted the first three policymaker profiles. Notably, none of the post-9/11 U.S. presidents adopted The Doctor profile. Why?
The Doctor is the most complex of the four profiles to implement because it calls for the contemplation of the maximum amount of information with the most open decisionmaking mindset. A policymaker who is a “Doctor” relies on iteration to identify the root cause drivers of the terrorism threat and then develops a policy solution. The challenge with this policy approach is it takes time and, thereby, could be perceived as indecisive – a less preferable image for political leaders during a crisis. All the while, The Doctor must manage the need for closure in society regarding the terrorist event, which is extremely difficult particularly given the horrific nature of terrorism as we witnessed through HAMAS’ October 7th terrorist attack.
But if The Doctor can be effectively implemented, it holds the promise of decisively addressing the terrorism because any response would be based on more complete information than was available in the days and weeks following the terrorist attack. This is a critical difference between The Doctor and the other policy profiles because they tend to quickly and immediately move to closure often based on incomplete and even inaccurate information.
During the Bush Administration, we witnessed the negative effects and risks of reflexively bending to the immediate need for closure and making decisions based on incomplete and inaccurate information. My research categorized the Bush Administration as a “Commander” – aiming to swiftly resolve the crisis of 9/11 by responding based on the information available in the immediate aftermath but not the after-action review. Although this approach seemed to be the right path in the crisis moment given the horrific aftermath of 9/11, it proved less effective over time. Indeed, rapid decisions based on incomplete and inaccurate information – spanning from the Bush to Obama administrations – resulted in multiple conflicts that had the effect of reducing nation-state and regional stability – not enhancing it – as well as the proliferation, geographic expansion, and evolution of terrorist groups and their jihadist ideology.
The experience of the The Commander approach to counterterrorism suggests effective counterterrorism policy certainly includes curtailing the immediate threat – but goes beyond that.
Effective counterterrorism entails preventing the cancer of terrorism from expanding and destabilizing nation-states and regions. This why a “Doctor” is needed for counterterrorism. The Doctor treats the cancer (terrorism) but is simultaneously mindful of not killing the body (nation-state and regional stability).
Following the October 7 th attacks, adopting The Doctor would entail recognizing the cancer of Iran and its network of proxy organizations and addressing them systematically and precisely. It would also acknowledge that counterterrorism efforts must extend beyond the immediate response to prevent the emergence of new extremists. The Doctor would also not lose sight of opportunities to structurally change the context through measures such as normalization of relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel even in the face of the immediate crisis.
The United States and Israel should consider adopting The Doctor approach to counterterrorism at this pivotal moment to guard against re-learning the lessons of 9/11. Because it is through these lessons that a more stable future for the Middle East and beyond can be achieved.
Alex Gallo is the author of “Vetspective,” a RallyPoint series that discusses national security, foreign policy, politics, and society. He is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs at Leiden University and a fellow with George Mason University’s National Security Institute and the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Alex is also an adjunct professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and a US Army Veteran.
Follow him on Twitter at @AlexGalloCMP.
What can Israel learn from the post-9/11 experience of the United States?
The evolution of U.S. counterterrorism policy in the post-9/11 era provides valuable insights for Israel in this moment. My research as part of a PhD dissertation into the development and evolution of U.S. counterterrorism policy during the 20 years following 9/11 revealed four distinct "profiles for policymakers engaging in counterterrorism: The Commander, The Prosecutor, The Negotiator, and The Doctor. Bush, Obama, and Trump respectively adopted the first three policymaker profiles. Notably, none of the post-9/11 U.S. presidents adopted The Doctor profile. Why?
The Doctor is the most complex of the four profiles to implement because it calls for the contemplation of the maximum amount of information with the most open decisionmaking mindset. A policymaker who is a “Doctor” relies on iteration to identify the root cause drivers of the terrorism threat and then develops a policy solution. The challenge with this policy approach is it takes time and, thereby, could be perceived as indecisive – a less preferable image for political leaders during a crisis. All the while, The Doctor must manage the need for closure in society regarding the terrorist event, which is extremely difficult particularly given the horrific nature of terrorism as we witnessed through HAMAS’ October 7th terrorist attack.
But if The Doctor can be effectively implemented, it holds the promise of decisively addressing the terrorism because any response would be based on more complete information than was available in the days and weeks following the terrorist attack. This is a critical difference between The Doctor and the other policy profiles because they tend to quickly and immediately move to closure often based on incomplete and even inaccurate information.
During the Bush Administration, we witnessed the negative effects and risks of reflexively bending to the immediate need for closure and making decisions based on incomplete and inaccurate information. My research categorized the Bush Administration as a “Commander” – aiming to swiftly resolve the crisis of 9/11 by responding based on the information available in the immediate aftermath but not the after-action review. Although this approach seemed to be the right path in the crisis moment given the horrific aftermath of 9/11, it proved less effective over time. Indeed, rapid decisions based on incomplete and inaccurate information – spanning from the Bush to Obama administrations – resulted in multiple conflicts that had the effect of reducing nation-state and regional stability – not enhancing it – as well as the proliferation, geographic expansion, and evolution of terrorist groups and their jihadist ideology.
The experience of the The Commander approach to counterterrorism suggests effective counterterrorism policy certainly includes curtailing the immediate threat – but goes beyond that.
Effective counterterrorism entails preventing the cancer of terrorism from expanding and destabilizing nation-states and regions. This why a “Doctor” is needed for counterterrorism. The Doctor treats the cancer (terrorism) but is simultaneously mindful of not killing the body (nation-state and regional stability).
Following the October 7 th attacks, adopting The Doctor would entail recognizing the cancer of Iran and its network of proxy organizations and addressing them systematically and precisely. It would also acknowledge that counterterrorism efforts must extend beyond the immediate response to prevent the emergence of new extremists. The Doctor would also not lose sight of opportunities to structurally change the context through measures such as normalization of relations between Saudi Arabia and Israel even in the face of the immediate crisis.
The United States and Israel should consider adopting The Doctor approach to counterterrorism at this pivotal moment to guard against re-learning the lessons of 9/11. Because it is through these lessons that a more stable future for the Middle East and beyond can be achieved.
Alex Gallo is the author of “Vetspective,” a RallyPoint series that discusses national security, foreign policy, politics, and society. He is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs at Leiden University and a fellow with George Mason University’s National Security Institute and the Combating Terrorism Center at West Point. Alex is also an adjunct professor in the Security Studies Program at Georgetown University and a US Army Veteran.
Follow him on Twitter at @AlexGalloCMP.
International Relations
Government
National Security
Terrorism
Edited 5 mo ago
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Radical thought, could there be a local group Israel could privately (covertly) support to counter the more radical elements aligned against them? Not exactly proxy warfare, but some party that could truly represent the Palastinians people without 'Death To Israel's being on their agenda ?
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Question :
“The 9/11 Parable: What Can Israel Learn from the United
States' Post-9/11
Counterterrorism Experience?”
Answer :
1.) Don’t Support ANY Terrorist Organizations.
2.) Don’t Support Terrorist wars via proxy wars.
3.) Bombs don’t eliminate Terrorist Organizations.
4.) Drones don’t eliminate Terrorist Organizations.
5.) Stay out of culture wars, outside of stealing natural resources why are we there?
6.) Domestic Terrorist Groups are formed by the community (klu klux klan) and they strike via hit and run tactics to blend back in the general public.
7.) Stop creating situations where people feel by “Any Means or Tactics” they’ll fight.
From understanding the limited opinions and viewpoints … throughout this feed and others.
Then logically EVERY WHITE NATIONALIST-HATE-MONGER-RACISTDOMETIC TERRITORIST HATE GROUP IN THE United States of America should be treated like HAMAS & Palestine as a whole?
Rhetorical
[ The irony people can’t see with their blinders on ] :
“Stop bringing up white racism in America, let’s label it “CRT” then call white domestic terrorism “THE PAST” and I’m not responsible for what my ancestors did … but let’s make it a crime to talk about it because it makes insecure white people uncomfortable.
Then let’s deflect and talk about other cultures crimes to NOT take accountability and do better in the USA. ]
There is over a hundred years of HISTORICAL DOCUMENTED FACTS of waging white domestic terrorist violence on children, men and women, law enforcement, government agencies.
* Kidnapping - Emmitt Till
https://www.npca.org/articles/3289-faqs-a-national-monument-for-emmett-till
* Lynchings(hate groups and average racist white citizens … lynching postcards were sent across the nation),
LYNCHING POSTCARDS : In
the past century on American soil – the estimated 3,436 lynchings of black American men and women between 1882 and 1950
https://cvltnation.com/nsfw-american-terrorism-lynching-postcards/
https://www.amazon.com/Without-Sanctuary-Lynching-Photography-America/dp/ [login to see]
* Bombings (churches, homes, businesses, government agencies, the DESTRUCTION of entire communities)-(kkk/nazi,white nationalists ). ,
[ These are #AMERIKKKA / #USA Deadliest Domestic Massacres/Mass Shooting/Acts of Domestic Terrorism/Riots by White Racist Domestic Terrorist in American Documented History :
Remember these FACTS :
East St. Louis Massacre - 1917
200 - 700 Deaths : Source - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/east-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885/
Arkansas Massacre - 1919
854 - Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/death-hundreds-elaine-massacre-led-supreme-court-take-major-step-toward-equal-justice-african-americans-180969863/
Ocoee Massacre - 1920 : SOURCE - https://www.ucf.edu/pegasus/the-truth-laid-bare/
https://www.thehistorycenter.org/exhibition/the-ocoee-massacre/
Most estimates total 30–35 Blacks killed, although as many as 50 African Americans may have been killed during the massacre. Most African-American-owned buildings and residences in northern Ocoee were burned to the ground.
Deaths: 30–35 Blacks, 2 Whites
Location: Ocoee, Florida
Date: November 2–3, 1920
Tulsa Massacre - 1921
300 - 3000 Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/tulsa-race-massacre-begins
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tulsa-1921-race-massacre-mass-grave-greenwood-archaeology-dna/amp
Rosewood Massacre - 1923
150 - Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosewood-riot-of-1923
]
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/07/ [login to see] /bomb-threats-against-black-institutions-are-deeply-rooted-in-u-s-history
* Rape, Child Molestation & FORCED Homosexuality by both white racist men and women slave owners (slave owners, breeding farms),
SLAVERY (BEFORE 1865)
10 Facts About Slave Breeding That Schools Failed To Teach You (Video)
Parent Category: Slavery to Reparations 20 May 2023
https://racism.org/articles/citizenship-rights/slavery-to-neoslavery/slavery-2/11226-10-facts
* Land Theft (every ethnic group in America has been hit by white nationalist and white racism .).
Shaky Ground: How the United States Uses the Law to Steal Indigenous Land
https://inthesetimes.com/article/shaky-ground-derrico-indigenous-law-land
I see why and it’s obvious to others why Isreal is supported in WAR CRIMES, GENOCIDE & ETHNIC CLEANSE because those traits are as woven into the American fabric as apple pie & baseball, and in 2023’ it’s still going on and supported.
Complete list of all active hate groups in the U.S.
SOURCE : https://cbs4indy.com/news/complete-list-of-all-active-hate-groups-in-the-u-s/amp/
Number of hate groups in the United States in 2022, by type
SOURCE : https://www.statista.com/statistics/740008/us-hate-groups-by-type/
Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry and Violence
NCJ Number 122995
Date Published 1988
Length 114 pages
Annotation
This report details the history, activities, ideology, and strategies used by the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazi groups, the "Identity Church" movement, and other hate groups in the United States.
SOURCE : https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/hate-groups-america-record-bigotry-and-violence
P.S.
Do NOT try to spin-doctor the FACTS as how White Domestic Terrorist Groups within America aren’t parallel with Hamas and Israel. They are and I can and WILL keep providing support of White Domestic Terror organizations and White Domestic Terrorist activities from the historical FACTS.
“The 9/11 Parable: What Can Israel Learn from the United
States' Post-9/11
Counterterrorism Experience?”
Answer :
1.) Don’t Support ANY Terrorist Organizations.
2.) Don’t Support Terrorist wars via proxy wars.
3.) Bombs don’t eliminate Terrorist Organizations.
4.) Drones don’t eliminate Terrorist Organizations.
5.) Stay out of culture wars, outside of stealing natural resources why are we there?
6.) Domestic Terrorist Groups are formed by the community (klu klux klan) and they strike via hit and run tactics to blend back in the general public.
7.) Stop creating situations where people feel by “Any Means or Tactics” they’ll fight.
From understanding the limited opinions and viewpoints … throughout this feed and others.
Then logically EVERY WHITE NATIONALIST-HATE-MONGER-RACISTDOMETIC TERRITORIST HATE GROUP IN THE United States of America should be treated like HAMAS & Palestine as a whole?
Rhetorical
[ The irony people can’t see with their blinders on ] :
“Stop bringing up white racism in America, let’s label it “CRT” then call white domestic terrorism “THE PAST” and I’m not responsible for what my ancestors did … but let’s make it a crime to talk about it because it makes insecure white people uncomfortable.
Then let’s deflect and talk about other cultures crimes to NOT take accountability and do better in the USA. ]
There is over a hundred years of HISTORICAL DOCUMENTED FACTS of waging white domestic terrorist violence on children, men and women, law enforcement, government agencies.
* Kidnapping - Emmitt Till
https://www.npca.org/articles/3289-faqs-a-national-monument-for-emmett-till
* Lynchings(hate groups and average racist white citizens … lynching postcards were sent across the nation),
LYNCHING POSTCARDS : In
the past century on American soil – the estimated 3,436 lynchings of black American men and women between 1882 and 1950
https://cvltnation.com/nsfw-american-terrorism-lynching-postcards/
https://www.amazon.com/Without-Sanctuary-Lynching-Photography-America/dp/ [login to see]
* Bombings (churches, homes, businesses, government agencies, the DESTRUCTION of entire communities)-(kkk/nazi,white nationalists ). ,
[ These are #AMERIKKKA / #USA Deadliest Domestic Massacres/Mass Shooting/Acts of Domestic Terrorism/Riots by White Racist Domestic Terrorist in American Documented History :
Remember these FACTS :
East St. Louis Massacre - 1917
200 - 700 Deaths : Source - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/east-st-louis-race-riot-left-dozens-dead-devastating-community-on-the-rise-180963885/
Arkansas Massacre - 1919
854 - Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/death-hundreds-elaine-massacre-led-supreme-court-take-major-step-toward-equal-justice-african-americans-180969863/
Ocoee Massacre - 1920 : SOURCE - https://www.ucf.edu/pegasus/the-truth-laid-bare/
https://www.thehistorycenter.org/exhibition/the-ocoee-massacre/
Most estimates total 30–35 Blacks killed, although as many as 50 African Americans may have been killed during the massacre. Most African-American-owned buildings and residences in northern Ocoee were burned to the ground.
Deaths: 30–35 Blacks, 2 Whites
Location: Ocoee, Florida
Date: November 2–3, 1920
Tulsa Massacre - 1921
300 - 3000 Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.history.com/.amp/this-day-in-history/tulsa-race-massacre-begins
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tulsa-1921-race-massacre-mass-grave-greenwood-archaeology-dna/amp
Rosewood Massacre - 1923
150 - Deaths : SOURCE - https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/early-20th-century-us/rosewood-massacre
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rosewood-riot-of-1923
]
https://www.npr.org/2022/02/07/ [login to see] /bomb-threats-against-black-institutions-are-deeply-rooted-in-u-s-history
* Rape, Child Molestation & FORCED Homosexuality by both white racist men and women slave owners (slave owners, breeding farms),
SLAVERY (BEFORE 1865)
10 Facts About Slave Breeding That Schools Failed To Teach You (Video)
Parent Category: Slavery to Reparations 20 May 2023
https://racism.org/articles/citizenship-rights/slavery-to-neoslavery/slavery-2/11226-10-facts
* Land Theft (every ethnic group in America has been hit by white nationalist and white racism .).
Shaky Ground: How the United States Uses the Law to Steal Indigenous Land
https://inthesetimes.com/article/shaky-ground-derrico-indigenous-law-land
I see why and it’s obvious to others why Isreal is supported in WAR CRIMES, GENOCIDE & ETHNIC CLEANSE because those traits are as woven into the American fabric as apple pie & baseball, and in 2023’ it’s still going on and supported.
Complete list of all active hate groups in the U.S.
SOURCE : https://cbs4indy.com/news/complete-list-of-all-active-hate-groups-in-the-u-s/amp/
Number of hate groups in the United States in 2022, by type
SOURCE : https://www.statista.com/statistics/740008/us-hate-groups-by-type/
Hate Groups in America: A Record of Bigotry and Violence
NCJ Number 122995
Date Published 1988
Length 114 pages
Annotation
This report details the history, activities, ideology, and strategies used by the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazi groups, the "Identity Church" movement, and other hate groups in the United States.
SOURCE : https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/hate-groups-america-record-bigotry-and-violence
P.S.
Do NOT try to spin-doctor the FACTS as how White Domestic Terrorist Groups within America aren’t parallel with Hamas and Israel. They are and I can and WILL keep providing support of White Domestic Terror organizations and White Domestic Terrorist activities from the historical FACTS.
FAQs: A National Monument for Emmett Till
NPCA presents frequently asked questions about the Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument.
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"Israel will Face Destruction if this Continues"-Col. Macgregor Warns of Armageddon on Tucker...
OTHER PLATFORMS Rumble https://rumble.com/user/Louvalentino2nd YouTube Channel https://youtube.com/@The_LVNATIONLocals https://lvnation.locals.com/supportSoc...
V1 : https://youtu.be/zrazXS2f34Y?si=h9GRi3YEuirZ7YG8
WAR = RESPECT/COMMUNICATION/EGO
1.) Inflated - EGO : I’m right, you need to comply.
2.) Lack of COMMUNICATION : I’m not willing to talk things out, to understand our differences/issues to find a logical peaceful solution.
3.) Lack of RESPECT : I don’t respect you as an human being/lack of humanity.
*The Cold War lasted sooooo long because human beings no matter how much they disagreed ... avoided nuclear warfare.
They understood that there was no coming back once either side lunched*
U.S. Army Veteran
12 1/2 years Honorable Service
ODS Vet : Support Garrison
OEF/OIF Vet : Deployed to Theatre
No Political Affiliation
“Those that haven't been to war are always quick to embrace it.”
WAR = RESPECT/COMMUNICATION/EGO
1.) Inflated - EGO : I’m right, you need to comply.
2.) Lack of COMMUNICATION : I’m not willing to talk things out, to understand our differences/issues to find a logical peaceful solution.
3.) Lack of RESPECT : I don’t respect you as an human being/lack of humanity.
*The Cold War lasted sooooo long because human beings no matter how much they disagreed ... avoided nuclear warfare.
They understood that there was no coming back once either side lunched*
U.S. Army Veteran
12 1/2 years Honorable Service
ODS Vet : Support Garrison
OEF/OIF Vet : Deployed to Theatre
No Political Affiliation
“Those that haven't been to war are always quick to embrace it.”
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Blowback: How Israel Helped Create Hamas
Did you also know that Hamas — which is an Arabic acronym for “Islamic Resistance Movement” — would probably not exist today were it not for the Jewish state...
V1 : https://youtu.be/o7grSsuFSS0?si=9-mT2yeRfzMQsZDb
1.) How and why Israel helped create Hamas?
Not many people are aware of the fact that it was Israel which had helped the creation of Hamas as a counter to PLO
The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of Mossad's recruitment of what Hamas termed "collaborators."
How and why Israel helped create Hamas?
Not many people are aware of the fact that it was Israel which had helped the creation of Hamas as a counter to PLO.
Why Israel helped the creation of Hamas and how it utilised its resources for the purpose? Has Israel by taking brutal action in Gaza strengthened Hamas and how the Palestinian struggle got divided and weakened when Hamas challenged PLO, a secular and nationalist organisation?
Formed in 1964, PLO had a clause, in its charter, calling for the destruction of Israel. But when the Oslo process was launched for peace between Israel and PLO, that clause was removed from the Palestinian charter, granting recognition to the Jewish state. Likewise, the Israeli government in late 1980s and early 1990s lifted ban on maintaining contacts with PLO and recognised it when the historic PLO-Israeli accord, mediated by then US President Bill Clinton, signed on September 13, 1993. If PLO recognised Israel, Hamas opposed peace process with the Jewish state and called for the destruction of Israel.
Gaza, which was occupied by Israel as a result of June 1967 Arab-Israeli war, patronised Mujama al-Islamiya which was formed by a Palestinian cleric Sheikh Ahmed Yasin and viewed it as a harmless organisation involved in charity and welfare work for the Palestinian community of Gaza. Mujama al-Islamiya later became Hamas before Intifada-I was launched in December 1987. Israel considered Mujama al-Islamiya and its successor organisation Hamas a lesser evil as compared to PLO and thought that dividing Palestinians will serve the interest of Jewish state.
If Israel termed PLO a terrorist organisation and a major threat to its interests, Hamas was also against PLO because of its secular and nationalist outlook. That is how both Hamas and Israel were viewed as natural allies against PLO. But, later on when Hamas in 1988 killed two Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) personnel in Gaza, Israel turned against Hamas but it was too late. Hamas, which earlier labelled itself as a welfare and charity organisation in Gaza and got favors from Israel, changed is tactics and exploited PLO’s peace process with Israel to gain popular support of those Palestinians who were disillusioned with Yasser Arafat’s mending of fences with the Jewish state despite the killing of hundreds of Palestinians in Intifada-I.
Regrets among those Israeli officials who helped the creation of Hamas are well documented. For instance, Avner Cohen, a Tunisia-born Jew who was an Israeli official in Gaza dealing with religious affairs during 1970s and 1980s, lamented that “Hamas, to my great regret, is Israel’s creation”.
He observed the Islamist movement take shape, muscle aside secular Palestinian rivals and then evolved into what is today Hamas — a militant group that now calls for Israel’s destruction. Cohen argued that “instead of trying to curb Gaza’s Islamists from the outset, Israel for years tolerated and, in some cases, encouraged them as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its dominant faction, Yasser Arafat’s Fatah.
Israel cooperated with a crippled, half-blind cleric named Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, even as he was laying the foundations for what would become Hamas”. Does it mean that Hamas was clever enough to dodge shrewd Israeli intelligence service by portraying itself as a welfare and charity organisation in order to get itself establish in Gaza and then confront Israel?
Between June 1967 and 2005, Gaza was administered by the Israeli military. In 2005 Israel withdrew from Gaza but when Hamas gained control of that Palestinian enclave in 2007 it imposed land, air and sea blockade of that territory. How Israel helped the creation of Hamas is narrated by Andrew Higgins, an Israeli official who had worked in Gaza in the 1980s.
SOURCE : https://tribune.com.pk/story/2302309/how-and-why-israel-helped-create-hamas?amp=1
2.) What is Hamas? What to know about its origins, leaders and funding
SOURCE : https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/world/what-is-hamas-what-to-know-about-its-origins-leaders-and-funding
* A.) Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
Author Steve Coll, managing editor of The Washington Post, discusses the findings of his latest book on the CIA's involvement in the covert wars in Afghanistan that fueled Islamic militancy and gave rise to bin Laden's al Qaeda. To view the video feed of the discussion, please click on the "Event Summary" link below.
SOURCE : https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/ghost-wars-the-secret-history-the-cia-afghanistan-and-bin-laden-the-soviet-invasion-to
* B.) Yet the US government refuses to admit its central role in creating the vicious movement that spawned bin Laden, the Taliban and Islamic fundamentalist terrorists that plague Algeria and Egypt — and perhaps the disaster that befell New York.
* The mass media has also downplayed the origins of bin Laden and his toxic brand of Islamic fundamentalism.
Mujaheddin
* In April 1978, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan in reaction to a crackdown against the party by that country's repressive government.
Washington, fearing the spread of Soviet influence (and worse the new government's radical example) to its allies in Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf states, immediately offered support to the Afghan mujaheddin, as the "contra" force was known.
Following an internal PDPA power struggle in December 1979 which toppled Afghanistan's leader, thousands of Soviet troops entered the country to prevent the new government's fall. This only galvanised the disparate fundamentalist factions. Their reactionary jihad now gained legitimacy as a "national liberation" struggle in the eyes of many Afghans.
The Soviet Union was eventually to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989 and the mujaheddin captured the capital, Kabul, in 1992.
Between 1978 and 1992, the US government poured at least US$6 billion (some estimates range as high as $20 billion) worth of arms, training and funds to prop up the mujaheddin factions. Other Western governments, as well as oil-rich Saudi Arabia, kicked in as much again. Wealthy Arab fanatics, like Osama bin Laden, provided millions more.
Washington's policy in Afghanistan was shaped by US President Jimmy Carter's national security advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and was continued by his successors. His plan went far beyond simply forcing Soviet troops to withdraw; rather it aimed to foster an international movement to spread Islamic fanaticism into the Muslim Central Asian Soviet republics to destabilise the Soviet Union.
Brzezinski's grand plan coincided with Pakistan military dictator General Zia ul-Haq's own ambitions to dominate the region. US-run Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe beamed Islamic fundamentalist tirades across Central Asia (while paradoxically denouncing the "Islamic revolution" that toppled the pro-US Shah of Iran in 1979).
Washington's favoured mujaheddin faction was one of the most extreme, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The West's distaste for terrorism did not apply to this unsavoury "freedom fighter". Hekmatyar was notorious in the 1970s for throwing acid in the faces of women who refused to wear the veil.
After the mujaheddin took Kabul in 1992, Hekmatyar's forces rained US-supplied missiles and rockets on that city — killing at least 2000 civilians — until the new government agreed to give him the post of prime minister. Osama bin Laden was a close associate of Hekmatyar and his faction.
Hekmatyar was also infamous for his side trade in the cultivation and trafficking in opium. Backing of the mujaheddin from the CIA coincided with a boom in the drug business. Within two years, the Afghanistan-Pakistan border was the world's single largest source of heroin, supplying 60% of US drug users.
In 1995, the former director of the CIA's operation in Afghanistan was unrepentant about the explosion in the flow of drugs: "Our main mission was to do as much damage as possible to the Soviets... There was a fallout in terms of drugs, yes. But the main objective was accomplished. The Soviets left Afghanistan."
* Made in the USA
According to Ahmed Rashid, a correspondent for the Far Eastern Economic Review, in 1986 CIA chief William Casey committed CIA support to a long-standing ISI proposal to recruit from around the world to join the Afghan jihad. At least 100,000 Islamic militants flocked to Pakistan between 1982 and 1992 (some 60,000 attended fundamentalist schools in Pakistan without necessarily taking part in the fighting).
John Cooley, a former journalist with the US ABC television network and author of Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, has revealed that Muslims recruited in the US for the mujaheddin were sent to Camp Peary, the CIA's spy training camp in Virginia, where young Afghans, Arabs from Egypt and Jordan, and even some African-American "black Muslims" were taught "sabotage skills".
The November 1, 1998, British Independent reported that one of those charged with the 1998 bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Ali Mohammed, had trained "bin Laden's operatives" in 1989.
These "operatives" were recruited at the al Kifah Refugee Centre in Brooklyn, New York, given paramilitary training in the New York area and then sent to Afghanistan with US assistance to join Hekmatyar's forces. Mohammed was a member of the US army's elite Green Berets.
The program, reported the Independent, was part of a Washington-approved plan called "Operation Cyclone".
In Pakistan, recruits, money and equipment were distributed to the mujaheddin factions by an organisation known as Maktab al Khidamar (Office of Services — MAK).
MAK was a front for Pakistan's CIA, the Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate. The ISI was the first recipient of the vast bulk of CIA and Saudi Arabian covert assistance for the Afghan contras. Bin Laden was one of three people who ran MAK. In 1989, he took overall charge of MAK.
Among those trained by Mohammed were El Sayyid Nosair, who was jailed in 1995 for killing Israeli rightist Rabbi Meir Kahane and plotting with others to bomb New York landmarks, including the World Trade Center in 1993.
The Independent also suggested that Shiekh Omar Abdel-Rahman, an Egyptian religious leader also jailed for the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, was also part of Operation Cyclone. He entered the US in 1990 with the CIA's approval. A confidential CIA report concluded that the agency was "partly culpable" for the 1993 World Trade Center blast, the Independent reported.
* Bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
Osama's military and business adventures in Afghanistan had the blessing of the bin Laden dynasty and the reactionary Saudi Arabian regime. His close working relationship with MAK also meant that the CIA was fully aware of his activities.
Milt Bearden, the CIA's station chief in Pakistan from 1986 to 1989, admitted to the January 24, 2000, New Yorker that while he never personally met bin Laden, "Did I know that he was out there? Yes, I did ... [Guys like] bin Laden were bringing $20-$25 million a month from other Saudis and Gulf Arabs to underwrite the war. And that is a lot of money. It's an extra $200-$300 million a year.
And this is what bin Laden did."
In 1986, bin Laden brought heavy construction equipment from Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan. Using his extensive knowledge of construction techniques (he has a degree in civil engineering), he built "training camps", some dug deep into the sides of mountains, and built roads to reach them.
These camps, now dubbed "terrorist universities" by Washington, were built in collaboration with the ISI and the CIA. The Afghan contra fighters, including the tens of thousands of mercenaries recruited and paid for by bin Laden, were armed by the CIA. Pakistan, the US and Britain provided military trainers.
SOURCE : https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/how-cia-created-osama-bin-laden
1.) How and why Israel helped create Hamas?
Not many people are aware of the fact that it was Israel which had helped the creation of Hamas as a counter to PLO
The acronym "Hamas" first appeared in 1987 in a leaflet that accused the Israeli intelligence services of undermining the moral fiber of Palestinian youth as part of Mossad's recruitment of what Hamas termed "collaborators."
How and why Israel helped create Hamas?
Not many people are aware of the fact that it was Israel which had helped the creation of Hamas as a counter to PLO.
Why Israel helped the creation of Hamas and how it utilised its resources for the purpose? Has Israel by taking brutal action in Gaza strengthened Hamas and how the Palestinian struggle got divided and weakened when Hamas challenged PLO, a secular and nationalist organisation?
Formed in 1964, PLO had a clause, in its charter, calling for the destruction of Israel. But when the Oslo process was launched for peace between Israel and PLO, that clause was removed from the Palestinian charter, granting recognition to the Jewish state. Likewise, the Israeli government in late 1980s and early 1990s lifted ban on maintaining contacts with PLO and recognised it when the historic PLO-Israeli accord, mediated by then US President Bill Clinton, signed on September 13, 1993. If PLO recognised Israel, Hamas opposed peace process with the Jewish state and called for the destruction of Israel.
Gaza, which was occupied by Israel as a result of June 1967 Arab-Israeli war, patronised Mujama al-Islamiya which was formed by a Palestinian cleric Sheikh Ahmed Yasin and viewed it as a harmless organisation involved in charity and welfare work for the Palestinian community of Gaza. Mujama al-Islamiya later became Hamas before Intifada-I was launched in December 1987. Israel considered Mujama al-Islamiya and its successor organisation Hamas a lesser evil as compared to PLO and thought that dividing Palestinians will serve the interest of Jewish state.
If Israel termed PLO a terrorist organisation and a major threat to its interests, Hamas was also against PLO because of its secular and nationalist outlook. That is how both Hamas and Israel were viewed as natural allies against PLO. But, later on when Hamas in 1988 killed two Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) personnel in Gaza, Israel turned against Hamas but it was too late. Hamas, which earlier labelled itself as a welfare and charity organisation in Gaza and got favors from Israel, changed is tactics and exploited PLO’s peace process with Israel to gain popular support of those Palestinians who were disillusioned with Yasser Arafat’s mending of fences with the Jewish state despite the killing of hundreds of Palestinians in Intifada-I.
Regrets among those Israeli officials who helped the creation of Hamas are well documented. For instance, Avner Cohen, a Tunisia-born Jew who was an Israeli official in Gaza dealing with religious affairs during 1970s and 1980s, lamented that “Hamas, to my great regret, is Israel’s creation”.
He observed the Islamist movement take shape, muscle aside secular Palestinian rivals and then evolved into what is today Hamas — a militant group that now calls for Israel’s destruction. Cohen argued that “instead of trying to curb Gaza’s Islamists from the outset, Israel for years tolerated and, in some cases, encouraged them as a counterweight to the secular nationalists of the Palestine Liberation Organization and its dominant faction, Yasser Arafat’s Fatah.
Israel cooperated with a crippled, half-blind cleric named Sheikh Ahmed Yassin, even as he was laying the foundations for what would become Hamas”. Does it mean that Hamas was clever enough to dodge shrewd Israeli intelligence service by portraying itself as a welfare and charity organisation in order to get itself establish in Gaza and then confront Israel?
Between June 1967 and 2005, Gaza was administered by the Israeli military. In 2005 Israel withdrew from Gaza but when Hamas gained control of that Palestinian enclave in 2007 it imposed land, air and sea blockade of that territory. How Israel helped the creation of Hamas is narrated by Andrew Higgins, an Israeli official who had worked in Gaza in the 1980s.
SOURCE : https://tribune.com.pk/story/2302309/how-and-why-israel-helped-create-hamas?amp=1
2.) What is Hamas? What to know about its origins, leaders and funding
SOURCE : https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/world/what-is-hamas-what-to-know-about-its-origins-leaders-and-funding
* A.) Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
Author Steve Coll, managing editor of The Washington Post, discusses the findings of his latest book on the CIA's involvement in the covert wars in Afghanistan that fueled Islamic militancy and gave rise to bin Laden's al Qaeda. To view the video feed of the discussion, please click on the "Event Summary" link below.
SOURCE : https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/ghost-wars-the-secret-history-the-cia-afghanistan-and-bin-laden-the-soviet-invasion-to
* B.) Yet the US government refuses to admit its central role in creating the vicious movement that spawned bin Laden, the Taliban and Islamic fundamentalist terrorists that plague Algeria and Egypt — and perhaps the disaster that befell New York.
* The mass media has also downplayed the origins of bin Laden and his toxic brand of Islamic fundamentalism.
Mujaheddin
* In April 1978, the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan in reaction to a crackdown against the party by that country's repressive government.
Washington, fearing the spread of Soviet influence (and worse the new government's radical example) to its allies in Pakistan, Iran and the Gulf states, immediately offered support to the Afghan mujaheddin, as the "contra" force was known.
Following an internal PDPA power struggle in December 1979 which toppled Afghanistan's leader, thousands of Soviet troops entered the country to prevent the new government's fall. This only galvanised the disparate fundamentalist factions. Their reactionary jihad now gained legitimacy as a "national liberation" struggle in the eyes of many Afghans.
The Soviet Union was eventually to withdraw from Afghanistan in 1989 and the mujaheddin captured the capital, Kabul, in 1992.
Between 1978 and 1992, the US government poured at least US$6 billion (some estimates range as high as $20 billion) worth of arms, training and funds to prop up the mujaheddin factions. Other Western governments, as well as oil-rich Saudi Arabia, kicked in as much again. Wealthy Arab fanatics, like Osama bin Laden, provided millions more.
Washington's policy in Afghanistan was shaped by US President Jimmy Carter's national security advisor, Zbigniew Brzezinski, and was continued by his successors. His plan went far beyond simply forcing Soviet troops to withdraw; rather it aimed to foster an international movement to spread Islamic fanaticism into the Muslim Central Asian Soviet republics to destabilise the Soviet Union.
Brzezinski's grand plan coincided with Pakistan military dictator General Zia ul-Haq's own ambitions to dominate the region. US-run Radio Liberty and Radio Free Europe beamed Islamic fundamentalist tirades across Central Asia (while paradoxically denouncing the "Islamic revolution" that toppled the pro-US Shah of Iran in 1979).
Washington's favoured mujaheddin faction was one of the most extreme, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. The West's distaste for terrorism did not apply to this unsavoury "freedom fighter". Hekmatyar was notorious in the 1970s for throwing acid in the faces of women who refused to wear the veil.
After the mujaheddin took Kabul in 1992, Hekmatyar's forces rained US-supplied missiles and rockets on that city — killing at least 2000 civilians — until the new government agreed to give him the post of prime minister. Osama bin Laden was a close associate of Hekmatyar and his faction.
Hekmatyar was also infamous for his side trade in the cultivation and trafficking in opium. Backing of the mujaheddin from the CIA coincided with a boom in the drug business. Within two years, the Afghanistan-Pakistan border was the world's single largest source of heroin, supplying 60% of US drug users.
In 1995, the former director of the CIA's operation in Afghanistan was unrepentant about the explosion in the flow of drugs: "Our main mission was to do as much damage as possible to the Soviets... There was a fallout in terms of drugs, yes. But the main objective was accomplished. The Soviets left Afghanistan."
* Made in the USA
According to Ahmed Rashid, a correspondent for the Far Eastern Economic Review, in 1986 CIA chief William Casey committed CIA support to a long-standing ISI proposal to recruit from around the world to join the Afghan jihad. At least 100,000 Islamic militants flocked to Pakistan between 1982 and 1992 (some 60,000 attended fundamentalist schools in Pakistan without necessarily taking part in the fighting).
John Cooley, a former journalist with the US ABC television network and author of Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism, has revealed that Muslims recruited in the US for the mujaheddin were sent to Camp Peary, the CIA's spy training camp in Virginia, where young Afghans, Arabs from Egypt and Jordan, and even some African-American "black Muslims" were taught "sabotage skills".
The November 1, 1998, British Independent reported that one of those charged with the 1998 bombings of US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, Ali Mohammed, had trained "bin Laden's operatives" in 1989.
These "operatives" were recruited at the al Kifah Refugee Centre in Brooklyn, New York, given paramilitary training in the New York area and then sent to Afghanistan with US assistance to join Hekmatyar's forces. Mohammed was a member of the US army's elite Green Berets.
The program, reported the Independent, was part of a Washington-approved plan called "Operation Cyclone".
In Pakistan, recruits, money and equipment were distributed to the mujaheddin factions by an organisation known as Maktab al Khidamar (Office of Services — MAK).
MAK was a front for Pakistan's CIA, the Inter-Service Intelligence Directorate. The ISI was the first recipient of the vast bulk of CIA and Saudi Arabian covert assistance for the Afghan contras. Bin Laden was one of three people who ran MAK. In 1989, he took overall charge of MAK.
Among those trained by Mohammed were El Sayyid Nosair, who was jailed in 1995 for killing Israeli rightist Rabbi Meir Kahane and plotting with others to bomb New York landmarks, including the World Trade Center in 1993.
The Independent also suggested that Shiekh Omar Abdel-Rahman, an Egyptian religious leader also jailed for the 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center, was also part of Operation Cyclone. He entered the US in 1990 with the CIA's approval. A confidential CIA report concluded that the agency was "partly culpable" for the 1993 World Trade Center blast, the Independent reported.
* Bin Laden
Osama bin Laden
Osama's military and business adventures in Afghanistan had the blessing of the bin Laden dynasty and the reactionary Saudi Arabian regime. His close working relationship with MAK also meant that the CIA was fully aware of his activities.
Milt Bearden, the CIA's station chief in Pakistan from 1986 to 1989, admitted to the January 24, 2000, New Yorker that while he never personally met bin Laden, "Did I know that he was out there? Yes, I did ... [Guys like] bin Laden were bringing $20-$25 million a month from other Saudis and Gulf Arabs to underwrite the war. And that is a lot of money. It's an extra $200-$300 million a year.
And this is what bin Laden did."
In 1986, bin Laden brought heavy construction equipment from Saudi Arabia to Afghanistan. Using his extensive knowledge of construction techniques (he has a degree in civil engineering), he built "training camps", some dug deep into the sides of mountains, and built roads to reach them.
These camps, now dubbed "terrorist universities" by Washington, were built in collaboration with the ISI and the CIA. The Afghan contra fighters, including the tens of thousands of mercenaries recruited and paid for by bin Laden, were armed by the CIA. Pakistan, the US and Britain provided military trainers.
SOURCE : https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/how-cia-created-osama-bin-laden
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Countries at Risk for Mass Killing 2022–23: Launch Event
Genocide and other mass atrocities are always preceded by early warning signs. If these signs are detected and their causes addressed, it may be possible to ...
https://youtu.be/TKzRUr4YBgc?si=d-I_3R35rJEKcB1D
1.) Countries at Risk for Mass Killing 2022–23: New Early Warning Report
What is the Early Warning Project?
The Early Warning Project’s annual Statistical Risk Assessment was created by the Museum’s Simon-Skjodt Center and Dartmouth College’s Dickey Center for International Understanding to identify countries at risk for mass killing, raise warning signs, and encourage policy makers to take action to prevent mass atrocities.
Based on publicly available data, researchers built a model that asks, in effect, which countries today look most like countries that have experienced mass killing in the past, in the two years before the violence began? This annual report is the cornerstone of the Early Warning Project, which was launched in 2015.
What did we find?
The Early Warning Project considers the top-30 countries to be high-risk. In the new assessment, nearly half of these countries are already experiencing a mass killing.
Consistent with other research, most high-risk countries have a history of mass killing and are currently experiencing an armed conflict.
At the same time, the composition of the high-risk group underscores that serious mass killing risks are not limited to a single region of the world or to highly authoritarian contexts. While 17 of the top-30 are in sub-Saharan Africa, 4 of the top-10 are in South and Southeast Asia, and another 6 of the top-30 are in the Middle East or North Africa.
Democracies, such as India and Indonesia, are represented in the high-risk group together with autocracies, such as Syria and China.
For more information on the risk factors and risk levels associated with any of the 160-plus countries included in this year’s assessment, visit the country pages on the Early Warning Project’s website.
SOURCE : https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/countries-at-risk-for-mass-killing-2022-23
2.) Ranking of All Countries
2022-23 Statistical Risk Assessment for Mass Killing
SOURCE : https://earlywarningproject.ushmm.org/storage/resources/2634/Early-Warning-Project-Statistical-Risk-Assessment-2022-23.pdf
3.) Modern Era Genocides
SOURCE : https://genocideeducation.org/resources/modern-era-genocides/
4.) 2023 Report to Congress on Section 5 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-441) [as amended]
REPORT
AUGUST 2, 2023
Consistent with Section 5 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-441) (the Elie Wiesel Act), the Department of State submits this annual report, on behalf of the President, on U.S. efforts to anticipate, prevent, and respond to atrocities.
The United States is committed to promoting respect for human rights globally and reaffirms atrocity prevention as a core national security interest. In July 2022, the United States released its first Strategy to Anticipate, Prevent, and Respond to Atrocities (SAPRA).
This report demonstrates the growing integration of U.S. strategies on gender, atrocity prevention, and conflict prevention and stabilization to prevent mass atrocities. Over the last year, the White House-led Atrocity Prevention Task Force (APTF) implemented the 2022 recommendations, which included SAPRA implementation, identifying pilot countries for priority prevention efforts, continuing to engage in ongoing atrocity contexts, and training Foreign Service officers assigned to countries experiencing or at risk of mass atrocities.
The APTF continued to consult with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society in connection with the implementation of the Elie Wiesel Act, while taking coordinated joint actions with likeminded partners to prevent and respond to atrocities. This report highlights some illustrative examples of U.S. efforts in atrocity prevention and response coordinated by the APTF from May 2022 to April 2023 and details contributions across U.S. government agencies.
* In June 2022, Attorney General Garland announced the creation of a new War Crimes Accountability Team, which is based in the Human Rights and Special Prosecutions Section (HRSP) within the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) Criminal Division. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) International Human Rights Unit and the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) continue to work closely with HRSP in support of this initiative. DOJ’s International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP) continues to train and mentor Ukrainian law enforcement in tactical and criminal investigative techniques, forensics, and evidence collection.
* USAID’s Human Rights in Action program significantly expanded its long-term efforts to document atrocities and abuses of human rights. Having supported the documentation of more than 30,000 instances of allegations of war crimes in Ukraine since February 2022, these efforts also focused on ensuring accountability, including through more than 70 impact litigation cases against the Russian Federation in international and regional courts. USAID’s Justice for All (J4A) program continues to support Ukraine’s legal system by building the capacity of judges, defense lawyers, and the judicial administration to adjudicate war crimes in domestic courts. J4A also contributed to drafting and advocacy efforts leading to the adoption of a UN resolution to establish a register and a claims commission for compensation for war victims.
SOURCE : https://www.state.gov/2023-report-to-congress-on-section-5-of-the-elie-wiesel-genocide-and-atrocities-prevention-act-of-2018-p-l-115-441-as-amended/
1.) Countries at Risk for Mass Killing 2022–23: New Early Warning Report
What is the Early Warning Project?
The Early Warning Project’s annual Statistical Risk Assessment was created by the Museum’s Simon-Skjodt Center and Dartmouth College’s Dickey Center for International Understanding to identify countries at risk for mass killing, raise warning signs, and encourage policy makers to take action to prevent mass atrocities.
Based on publicly available data, researchers built a model that asks, in effect, which countries today look most like countries that have experienced mass killing in the past, in the two years before the violence began? This annual report is the cornerstone of the Early Warning Project, which was launched in 2015.
What did we find?
The Early Warning Project considers the top-30 countries to be high-risk. In the new assessment, nearly half of these countries are already experiencing a mass killing.
Consistent with other research, most high-risk countries have a history of mass killing and are currently experiencing an armed conflict.
At the same time, the composition of the high-risk group underscores that serious mass killing risks are not limited to a single region of the world or to highly authoritarian contexts. While 17 of the top-30 are in sub-Saharan Africa, 4 of the top-10 are in South and Southeast Asia, and another 6 of the top-30 are in the Middle East or North Africa.
Democracies, such as India and Indonesia, are represented in the high-risk group together with autocracies, such as Syria and China.
For more information on the risk factors and risk levels associated with any of the 160-plus countries included in this year’s assessment, visit the country pages on the Early Warning Project’s website.
SOURCE : https://www.ushmm.org/genocide-prevention/blog/countries-at-risk-for-mass-killing-2022-23
2.) Ranking of All Countries
2022-23 Statistical Risk Assessment for Mass Killing
SOURCE : https://earlywarningproject.ushmm.org/storage/resources/2634/Early-Warning-Project-Statistical-Risk-Assessment-2022-23.pdf
3.) Modern Era Genocides
SOURCE : https://genocideeducation.org/resources/modern-era-genocides/
4.) 2023 Report to Congress on Section 5 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-441) [as amended]
REPORT
AUGUST 2, 2023
Consistent with Section 5 of the Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-441) (the Elie Wiesel Act), the Department of State submits this annual report, on behalf of the President, on U.S. efforts to anticipate, prevent, and respond to atrocities.
The United States is committed to promoting respect for human rights globally and reaffirms atrocity prevention as a core national security interest. In July 2022, the United States released its first Strategy to Anticipate, Prevent, and Respond to Atrocities (SAPRA).
This report demonstrates the growing integration of U.S. strategies on gender, atrocity prevention, and conflict prevention and stabilization to prevent mass atrocities. Over the last year, the White House-led Atrocity Prevention Task Force (APTF) implemented the 2022 recommendations, which included SAPRA implementation, identifying pilot countries for priority prevention efforts, continuing to engage in ongoing atrocity contexts, and training Foreign Service officers assigned to countries experiencing or at risk of mass atrocities.
The APTF continued to consult with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society in connection with the implementation of the Elie Wiesel Act, while taking coordinated joint actions with likeminded partners to prevent and respond to atrocities. This report highlights some illustrative examples of U.S. efforts in atrocity prevention and response coordinated by the APTF from May 2022 to April 2023 and details contributions across U.S. government agencies.
* In June 2022, Attorney General Garland announced the creation of a new War Crimes Accountability Team, which is based in the Human Rights and Special Prosecutions Section (HRSP) within the Department of Justice’s (DOJ) Criminal Division. The Federal Bureau of Investigation’s (FBI) International Human Rights Unit and the Department of Homeland Security’s (DHS) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) continue to work closely with HRSP in support of this initiative. DOJ’s International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program (ICITAP) continues to train and mentor Ukrainian law enforcement in tactical and criminal investigative techniques, forensics, and evidence collection.
* USAID’s Human Rights in Action program significantly expanded its long-term efforts to document atrocities and abuses of human rights. Having supported the documentation of more than 30,000 instances of allegations of war crimes in Ukraine since February 2022, these efforts also focused on ensuring accountability, including through more than 70 impact litigation cases against the Russian Federation in international and regional courts. USAID’s Justice for All (J4A) program continues to support Ukraine’s legal system by building the capacity of judges, defense lawyers, and the judicial administration to adjudicate war crimes in domestic courts. J4A also contributed to drafting and advocacy efforts leading to the adoption of a UN resolution to establish a register and a claims commission for compensation for war victims.
SOURCE : https://www.state.gov/2023-report-to-congress-on-section-5-of-the-elie-wiesel-genocide-and-atrocities-prevention-act-of-2018-p-l-115-441-as-amended/
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1.) War Crimes
Definition
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Article 8
War Crimes
1. The Court shall have jurisdiction in respect of war crimes in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes.
2. For the purpose of this Statute, ‘war crimes’ means:
* Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention:
* Wilful killing
* Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;
* Wilfully causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or health;
* Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly;
* Compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power;
* Wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial;
* Unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement;
* Taking of hostages.
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:
* Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
* Intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military objectives;
* Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of armed conflict;
* Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated;
* Attacking or bombarding, by whatever means, towns, villages, dwellings or buildings which are undefended and which are not military objectives;
* Killing or wounding a combatant who, having laid down his arms or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion;
* Making improper use of a flag of truce, of the flag or of the military insignia and uniform of the enemy or of the United Nations, as well as of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions, resulting in death or serious personal injury;
* The transfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies, or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives;
* Subjecting persons who are in the power of an adverse party to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the person concerned nor carried out in his or her interest, and which cause death to or seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;
* Killing or wounding treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army;
* Declaring that no quarter will be given;
* Destroying or seizing the enemy's property unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of war;
* Declaring abolished, suspended or inadmissible in a court of law the rights and actions of the nationals of the hostile party;
* Compelling the nationals of the hostile party to take part in the operations of war directed against their own country, even if they were in the belligerent's service before the commencement of the war;
* Pillaging a town or place, even when taken by assault;
* Employing poison or poisoned weapons;
* Employing asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and all analogous liquids, materials or devices;
* Employing bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as bullets with a hard envelope which does not entirely cover the core or is pierced with incisions;
* Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare are the subject of a comprehensive prohibition and are included in an annex to this Statute, by an amendment in accordance with the relevant provisions set forth in articles 121 and 123;
* Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
* Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence also constituting a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions;
* Utilizing the presence of a civilian or other protected person to render certain points, areas or military forces immune from military operations;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings, material, medical units and transport, and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with international law;
* Intentionally using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare by depriving them of objects indispensable to their survival, including wilfully impeding relief supplies as provided for under the Geneva Conventions;
* Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities.
* In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character, serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts committed against persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention or any other cause:
* Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
* Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
* Taking of hostages;
* The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all judicial guarantees which are generally recognized as indispensable.
* Paragraph 2 (c) applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature.
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:
* Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings, material, medical units and transport, and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with international law;
* Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of armed conflict;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives;
* Pillaging a town or place, even when taken by assault;
* Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, and any other form of sexual violence also constituting a serious violation of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions;
* Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into armed forces or groups or using them to participate actively in hostilities;
* Ordering the displacement of the civilian population for reasons related to the conflict, unless the security of the civilians involved or imperative military reasons so demand;
* Killing or wounding treacherously a combatant adversary;
* Declaring that no quarter will be given;
* Subjecting persons who are in the power of another party to the conflict to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the person concerned nor carried out in his or her interest, and which cause death to or seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;
* Destroying or seizing the property of an adversary unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of the conflict;
* f Paragraph 2 (e) applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature. It applies to armed conflicts that take place in the territory of a State when there is protracted armed conflict between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups.
1. Nothing in paragraph 2 (c) and (e) shall affect the responsibility of a Government to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the unity and territorial integrity of the State, by all legitimate means.
SOURCE : https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml#:~:text=War%20crimes%20are%20those%20violations,criminal%20responsibility%20under%20international%20law.
Elements of the Crime
War crimes are those violations of international humanitarian law (treaty or customary law) that incur individual criminal responsibility under international law. As a result, and in contrast to the crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity, war crimes must always take place in the context of an armed conflict, either international or non-international.
What constitutes a war crime may differ, depending on whether an armed conflict is international or non-international. For example, Article 8 of the Rome Statute categorises war crimes as follows:
* Grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, related to international armed conflict;
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict;
* Serious violations of Article 3 common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, related to armed conflict not of an international character;
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflict not of an international character
From a more substantive perspective, war crimes could be divided into: a) war crimes against persons requiring particular protection; b) war crimes against those providing humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping operations; c) war crimes against property and other rights; d) prohibited methods of warfare; and e) prohibited means of warfare.
War crimes contain two main elements:
1. A contextual element: “the conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international/non-international armed conflict”;
2. A mental element: intent and knowledge both with regards to the individual act and the contextual element.
In contrast to genocide and crimes against humanity, war crimes can be committed against a diversity of victims, either combatants or non-combatants, depending on the type of crime. In international armed conflicts, victims include wounded and sick members of armed forces in the field and at sea, prisoners of war and civilian persons. In the case of non-international armed conflicts, protection is afforded to persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed ‘hors de combat’ by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause. In both types of conflicts protection is also afforded to medical and religious personnel, humanitarian workers and civil defence staff.
2.) war crime
Primary tabs
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war. The legal understanding of war crimes has been codified in several multilateral treaties, most notably the Geneva Conventions. More recently, the most comprehensive legal statement on war crimes was the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
To be liable for a war crime, the victim must be protected under the Geneva Conventions. GC I, II, and III apply to soldiers, while GC IV applies to civilians and "unlawful combatants."
The following acts are war crimes under Rome Statute Article 8:
* wilful killing;
* torture;
* biological experiments;
* mutiliation;
* unjustified destruction and appropriation of property;
* conscripting POWs;
* denying POWs a fair trial;
* unlawful deportation and transfer;
* unlawful confinement;
* taking of hostages;
* pillaging;
* intentional attacks against civilians;
* intentional attacks against non-military targets;
* intentional attacks against peacekeepers or humanitarian aid groups;
* killing or wounding combatants who have surrendered;
* employing poisoned weapons;
* rape;
* sexual slavery;
* enforced sterilization;
* forced pregnancy;
* conscripting children under the age of 15.
Prosecution for war crimes requires the existence of an armed conflict and that the perpetrator was aware of the conflict (ICC, Elements of Crimes, § 8).
In the context of command responsibility, the ICC will use an "overall control test," which requires that the defendant have "a role in organizing, coordinating or planning the military actions of the military group, in addition to financing, training and equipping the group or providing operational support to it" (ICC, Lubanga, Confirmation of Charges § 211).
* wex
* CIVICS
* military law
* wex definitions
* Keywords
* international criminal law
SOURCE : https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/war_crime
3.) 18 USC 2441: War crimes
Text contains those laws in effect on January 2, 2001
From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I-CRIMES
CHAPTER 118-WAR CRIMES
Jump To:
Source Credit
References In Text
Amendments
Short Title
SOURCE : https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-2000-title18-section2441&num=0&edition=2000
Definition
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
Article 8
War Crimes
1. The Court shall have jurisdiction in respect of war crimes in particular when committed as part of a plan or policy or as part of a large-scale commission of such crimes.
2. For the purpose of this Statute, ‘war crimes’ means:
* Grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts against persons or property protected under the provisions of the relevant Geneva Convention:
* Wilful killing
* Torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments;
* Wilfully causing great suffering, or serious injury to body or health;
* Extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly;
* Compelling a prisoner of war or other protected person to serve in the forces of a hostile Power;
* Wilfully depriving a prisoner of war or other protected person of the rights of fair and regular trial;
* Unlawful deportation or transfer or unlawful confinement;
* Taking of hostages.
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:
* Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
* Intentionally directing attacks against civilian objects, that is, objects which are not military objectives;
* Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of armed conflict;
* Intentionally launching an attack in the knowledge that such attack will cause incidental loss of life or injury to civilians or damage to civilian objects or widespread, long-term and severe damage to the natural environment which would be clearly excessive in relation to the concrete and direct overall military advantage anticipated;
* Attacking or bombarding, by whatever means, towns, villages, dwellings or buildings which are undefended and which are not military objectives;
* Killing or wounding a combatant who, having laid down his arms or having no longer means of defence, has surrendered at discretion;
* Making improper use of a flag of truce, of the flag or of the military insignia and uniform of the enemy or of the United Nations, as well as of the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions, resulting in death or serious personal injury;
* The transfer, directly or indirectly, by the Occupying Power of parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies, or the deportation or transfer of all or parts of the population of the occupied territory within or outside this territory;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives;
* Subjecting persons who are in the power of an adverse party to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the person concerned nor carried out in his or her interest, and which cause death to or seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;
* Killing or wounding treacherously individuals belonging to the hostile nation or army;
* Declaring that no quarter will be given;
* Destroying or seizing the enemy's property unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of war;
* Declaring abolished, suspended or inadmissible in a court of law the rights and actions of the nationals of the hostile party;
* Compelling the nationals of the hostile party to take part in the operations of war directed against their own country, even if they were in the belligerent's service before the commencement of the war;
* Pillaging a town or place, even when taken by assault;
* Employing poison or poisoned weapons;
* Employing asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and all analogous liquids, materials or devices;
* Employing bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such as bullets with a hard envelope which does not entirely cover the core or is pierced with incisions;
* Employing weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare which are of a nature to cause superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering or which are inherently indiscriminate in violation of the international law of armed conflict, provided that such weapons, projectiles and material and methods of warfare are the subject of a comprehensive prohibition and are included in an annex to this Statute, by an amendment in accordance with the relevant provisions set forth in articles 121 and 123;
* Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
* Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, or any other form of sexual violence also constituting a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions;
* Utilizing the presence of a civilian or other protected person to render certain points, areas or military forces immune from military operations;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings, material, medical units and transport, and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with international law;
* Intentionally using starvation of civilians as a method of warfare by depriving them of objects indispensable to their survival, including wilfully impeding relief supplies as provided for under the Geneva Conventions;
* Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities.
* In the case of an armed conflict not of an international character, serious violations of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, namely, any of the following acts committed against persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention or any other cause:
* Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
* Committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;
* Taking of hostages;
* The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all judicial guarantees which are generally recognized as indispensable.
* Paragraph 2 (c) applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature.
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflicts not of an international character, within the established framework of international law, namely, any of the following acts:
* Intentionally directing attacks against the civilian population as such or against individual civilians not taking direct part in hostilities;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings, material, medical units and transport, and personnel using the distinctive emblems of the Geneva Conventions in conformity with international law;
* Intentionally directing attacks against personnel, installations, material, units or vehicles involved in a humanitarian assistance or peacekeeping mission in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians or civilian objects under the international law of armed conflict;
* Intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or charitable purposes, historic monuments, hospitals and places where the sick and wounded are collected, provided they are not military objectives;
* Pillaging a town or place, even when taken by assault;
* Committing rape, sexual slavery, enforced prostitution, forced pregnancy, as defined in article 7, paragraph 2 (f), enforced sterilization, and any other form of sexual violence also constituting a serious violation of article 3 common to the four Geneva Conventions;
* Conscripting or enlisting children under the age of fifteen years into armed forces or groups or using them to participate actively in hostilities;
* Ordering the displacement of the civilian population for reasons related to the conflict, unless the security of the civilians involved or imperative military reasons so demand;
* Killing or wounding treacherously a combatant adversary;
* Declaring that no quarter will be given;
* Subjecting persons who are in the power of another party to the conflict to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are neither justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the person concerned nor carried out in his or her interest, and which cause death to or seriously endanger the health of such person or persons;
* Destroying or seizing the property of an adversary unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of the conflict;
* f Paragraph 2 (e) applies to armed conflicts not of an international character and thus does not apply to situations of internal disturbances and tensions, such as riots, isolated and sporadic acts of violence or other acts of a similar nature. It applies to armed conflicts that take place in the territory of a State when there is protracted armed conflict between governmental authorities and organized armed groups or between such groups.
1. Nothing in paragraph 2 (c) and (e) shall affect the responsibility of a Government to maintain or re-establish law and order in the State or to defend the unity and territorial integrity of the State, by all legitimate means.
SOURCE : https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/war-crimes.shtml#:~:text=War%20crimes%20are%20those%20violations,criminal%20responsibility%20under%20international%20law.
Elements of the Crime
War crimes are those violations of international humanitarian law (treaty or customary law) that incur individual criminal responsibility under international law. As a result, and in contrast to the crimes of genocide and crimes against humanity, war crimes must always take place in the context of an armed conflict, either international or non-international.
What constitutes a war crime may differ, depending on whether an armed conflict is international or non-international. For example, Article 8 of the Rome Statute categorises war crimes as follows:
* Grave breaches of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, related to international armed conflict;
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict;
* Serious violations of Article 3 common to the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, related to armed conflict not of an international character;
* Other serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in armed conflict not of an international character
From a more substantive perspective, war crimes could be divided into: a) war crimes against persons requiring particular protection; b) war crimes against those providing humanitarian assistance and peacekeeping operations; c) war crimes against property and other rights; d) prohibited methods of warfare; and e) prohibited means of warfare.
War crimes contain two main elements:
1. A contextual element: “the conduct took place in the context of and was associated with an international/non-international armed conflict”;
2. A mental element: intent and knowledge both with regards to the individual act and the contextual element.
In contrast to genocide and crimes against humanity, war crimes can be committed against a diversity of victims, either combatants or non-combatants, depending on the type of crime. In international armed conflicts, victims include wounded and sick members of armed forces in the field and at sea, prisoners of war and civilian persons. In the case of non-international armed conflicts, protection is afforded to persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed ‘hors de combat’ by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause. In both types of conflicts protection is also afforded to medical and religious personnel, humanitarian workers and civil defence staff.
2.) war crime
Primary tabs
A war crime is a violation of the laws of war. The legal understanding of war crimes has been codified in several multilateral treaties, most notably the Geneva Conventions. More recently, the most comprehensive legal statement on war crimes was the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
To be liable for a war crime, the victim must be protected under the Geneva Conventions. GC I, II, and III apply to soldiers, while GC IV applies to civilians and "unlawful combatants."
The following acts are war crimes under Rome Statute Article 8:
* wilful killing;
* torture;
* biological experiments;
* mutiliation;
* unjustified destruction and appropriation of property;
* conscripting POWs;
* denying POWs a fair trial;
* unlawful deportation and transfer;
* unlawful confinement;
* taking of hostages;
* pillaging;
* intentional attacks against civilians;
* intentional attacks against non-military targets;
* intentional attacks against peacekeepers or humanitarian aid groups;
* killing or wounding combatants who have surrendered;
* employing poisoned weapons;
* rape;
* sexual slavery;
* enforced sterilization;
* forced pregnancy;
* conscripting children under the age of 15.
Prosecution for war crimes requires the existence of an armed conflict and that the perpetrator was aware of the conflict (ICC, Elements of Crimes, § 8).
In the context of command responsibility, the ICC will use an "overall control test," which requires that the defendant have "a role in organizing, coordinating or planning the military actions of the military group, in addition to financing, training and equipping the group or providing operational support to it" (ICC, Lubanga, Confirmation of Charges § 211).
* wex
* CIVICS
* military law
* wex definitions
* Keywords
* international criminal law
SOURCE : https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/war_crime
3.) 18 USC 2441: War crimes
Text contains those laws in effect on January 2, 2001
From Title 18-CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
PART I-CRIMES
CHAPTER 118-WAR CRIMES
Jump To:
Source Credit
References In Text
Amendments
Short Title
SOURCE : https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-2000-title18-section2441&num=0&edition=2000
(0)
(0)
0
0
0
* Before ANYONE says mmm V1 anything Asinine to me about this subject do your FACTS FINDINGS …. Both #1 & #3 are directly from “The Rothschild Archive”
* SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/
White Nationalist established Israel as Historical Documention Proves as FACTUAL.
V1 : https://youtu.be/JFu-OUHpCLo?si=2gxOtOAjUD7NrGjo
V2 : https://youtu.be/kI_spMxp6t8?si=fK65comOd-ETLhMd
V3 : https://youtu.be/ZXfuqUhzESg?si=RodG-Z9f9SwRalqy
Misdirection:
That’s the illustrious misdirection sold by Bush Jr. administration.... “The War on Terrorism”.
It’s a war as old as mankind and the face forever changes.... Terrorism doesn’t fall under the Geneva Convention.... there are and never have been rules to it. It’s why the average citizen across the globe can’t grasp why you can’t take out terrorism.
Israel was established by a collection of European countries to further their foothold and agendas in that region. They had been fighting and establishing peace amongst themselves for thousands of years.
Fact find the terrorist attacks on European countries prior to the establishment of Israel and since. Those attacks increased not solely because of the establishment of Israel but because of Western countries being seen as they are.... invaders.
These European countries have started, backed proxy wars and political coo’s, assassinated politicians and figureheads to further their agendas, armed one side or both.
Them fighting in their own house is one thing.... European countries being ringleaders is something that both citizens and military personnel have paid for with their lives.
And save that argument about them invading western countries, that B.S. propaganda for western countries to do and keep doing what they’ve done.
U.S. Army Veteran
12 1/2 years Honorable Service ODS Vet : Support Garrison
OEF/OFI Vet : Deployed to Theatre
No Political Affiliation
* Facts : https://youtu.be/42FmObIfodY?si=_81hdVS5pBpP4WlI
1.) In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation, which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.
Edmond's work in Palestine
A strong supporter of Zionism, his most outstanding achievements were involved in responding to the threats facing the Jewish people in Europe in the late 19th century by supporting massive land purchases and underwriting Jewish settlements in Palestine and Israel.
Edmond's large donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israel. In the 1880s, in his goal for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, Edmond’s philanthropy funded Jewish settlements and encouraged the development of agriculture and industry.
'The Benefactor', as he was known provided support for Jewish colonists, overseeing dozens of new colonies. Rishon le Zion (the First in Zion) was followed by others bearing the names of his parents.
Edmond stimulated the economic development of the settlements by investing in new crops, such as wine, grapefruit and avocado, and industrial enterprises such as silk production; he played a key role in Israel's wine industry.
Under the supervision of his administrators in Ottoman Palestine, farm colonies and vineyards were established, and two major wineries were opened in Rishon le Zion and Zikhron Ya'akov. Edmond paid his first visit to the colonies in 1887, to inspect the progress that had been made in the first five years.
In 1899, responsibility for the Rothschild settlements was transferred to form the Palestine branch of the Jewish Colonisation Association, which had been founded in 1891 by the Bavarian philanthropist Baron Maurice de Hirsch to help Jews from Russia and Romania to settle in Argentina. Baron de Hirsch died in 1896 and thereafter the JCA began to also assist the Jewish settlement in Palestine. At the end of 1899, Edmond transferred title to his colonies in Palestine plus fifteen million francs to the JCA.
In 1924, the JCA branch dealing with colonies in Palestine was reorganised by Baron Edmond as the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), under the direction of his son, James de Rothschild (1878-1957). PICA acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and established a range of business ventures. As well as offices in Palestine, PICA had offices in Paris. After the 1929 Palestine riots PICA helped to rehabilitate agricultural colonies that had been damaged.
SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/philanthropy/baron_edmond_de_rothschild_and_palestine
2.) Who was behind the Balfour Declaration?
30 OCTOBER 2017
Below, Al Jazeera examines the key players involved in realising the Balfour Declaration.
This week, Palestinians around the world are marking 100 years since the Balfour Declaration was issued on November 2, 1917.
The Balfour Declaration was a public pledge by Britain, declaring its aim to establish "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
The statement came in the form of a letter from Britain's then foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a figurehead of the British Jewish community.
But the declaration was by no means formulated and decided upon overnight - rather, it had been in the works for years, involved many people and was drafted numerous times before being sent out.
The pledge is generally viewed as one of the main catalysts of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine in 1948 and the creation of the Zionist state of Israel.
SOURCE : https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2017/behind-balfour/amp.html
3.) Walter Rothschild and the Balfour Declaration
On November 2, 1917, the British Government expressed its sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations and announced that it would use its “best endeavours” to facilitate “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”.
The announcement came in a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter, 2nd Lord Rothschild (1868-1937), the unofficial leader of the British Jewish community.
The Balfour agreement became the diplomatic foundation stone of the state of Israel. The origins of the letter had begun in the early twentieth century, when Chaim Weizmann, the leading spokesman for Zionism in Britain began to solicit support among the British people, shortly after he settled in Manchester in 1904.
Origins in The First World War
Beginning in 1916, the British hoped that in exchange for their support of Zionism, “the Jews” would help to finance the growing expenses of the First World War, which was becoming increasingly burdensome. More importantly, policy-makers in the Foreign Office believed that Jews could be prevailed upon to persuade the United States to join the War.
At this time, there were very strong pro-Zionist feelings by many of the political elite and establishment. Many of Britain’s leaders, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and Balfour himself, felt for the Jews and their history. These men were deeply religious Christian Zionists. They had grown up on the Bible; the Holy Land was their spiritual home.
They believed that modern Zionism would fulfil a divine promise, and re-settle the Jews in the land of their ancient fathers.
SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/collections/rothschild_faqs/walter_rothschild_and_the_balfour_declaration
4.) Balfour Declaration
United Kingdom [1917]
Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Dec 8, 2023 • Article History
Table of Contents
Balfour Declaration, (November 2, 1917), statement of British support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” It was made in a letter from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (of Tring), a leader of the Anglo-Jewish community. Though the precise meaning of the correspondence has been disputed, its statements were generally contradictory to both the Sykes-Picot Agreement (a secret convention between Britain and France) and the Ḥusayn-McMahon correspondence (an exchange of letters between the British high commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, and Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, then emir of Mecca), which in turn contradicted one another (see Palestine, World War I and after).
SOURCE : https://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration
*** Disclaimer : This a repost from myself, because people are tooooo comfortable with the status quo. ***
“I will not apologize for telling the FACTS, in a world that worship the lies”.
* SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/
White Nationalist established Israel as Historical Documention Proves as FACTUAL.
V1 : https://youtu.be/JFu-OUHpCLo?si=2gxOtOAjUD7NrGjo
V2 : https://youtu.be/kI_spMxp6t8?si=fK65comOd-ETLhMd
V3 : https://youtu.be/ZXfuqUhzESg?si=RodG-Z9f9SwRalqy
Misdirection:
That’s the illustrious misdirection sold by Bush Jr. administration.... “The War on Terrorism”.
It’s a war as old as mankind and the face forever changes.... Terrorism doesn’t fall under the Geneva Convention.... there are and never have been rules to it. It’s why the average citizen across the globe can’t grasp why you can’t take out terrorism.
Israel was established by a collection of European countries to further their foothold and agendas in that region. They had been fighting and establishing peace amongst themselves for thousands of years.
Fact find the terrorist attacks on European countries prior to the establishment of Israel and since. Those attacks increased not solely because of the establishment of Israel but because of Western countries being seen as they are.... invaders.
These European countries have started, backed proxy wars and political coo’s, assassinated politicians and figureheads to further their agendas, armed one side or both.
Them fighting in their own house is one thing.... European countries being ringleaders is something that both citizens and military personnel have paid for with their lives.
And save that argument about them invading western countries, that B.S. propaganda for western countries to do and keep doing what they’ve done.
U.S. Army Veteran
12 1/2 years Honorable Service ODS Vet : Support Garrison
OEF/OFI Vet : Deployed to Theatre
No Political Affiliation
* Facts : https://youtu.be/42FmObIfodY?si=_81hdVS5pBpP4WlI
1.) In 1917 Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild was the addressee of the Balfour Declaration to the Zionist Federation, which committed the British government to the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.
Edmond's work in Palestine
A strong supporter of Zionism, his most outstanding achievements were involved in responding to the threats facing the Jewish people in Europe in the late 19th century by supporting massive land purchases and underwriting Jewish settlements in Palestine and Israel.
Edmond's large donations lent significant support to the movement during its early years, which helped lead to the establishment of the State of Israel. In the 1880s, in his goal for the establishment of a Jewish homeland, Edmond’s philanthropy funded Jewish settlements and encouraged the development of agriculture and industry.
'The Benefactor', as he was known provided support for Jewish colonists, overseeing dozens of new colonies. Rishon le Zion (the First in Zion) was followed by others bearing the names of his parents.
Edmond stimulated the economic development of the settlements by investing in new crops, such as wine, grapefruit and avocado, and industrial enterprises such as silk production; he played a key role in Israel's wine industry.
Under the supervision of his administrators in Ottoman Palestine, farm colonies and vineyards were established, and two major wineries were opened in Rishon le Zion and Zikhron Ya'akov. Edmond paid his first visit to the colonies in 1887, to inspect the progress that had been made in the first five years.
In 1899, responsibility for the Rothschild settlements was transferred to form the Palestine branch of the Jewish Colonisation Association, which had been founded in 1891 by the Bavarian philanthropist Baron Maurice de Hirsch to help Jews from Russia and Romania to settle in Argentina. Baron de Hirsch died in 1896 and thereafter the JCA began to also assist the Jewish settlement in Palestine. At the end of 1899, Edmond transferred title to his colonies in Palestine plus fifteen million francs to the JCA.
In 1924, the JCA branch dealing with colonies in Palestine was reorganised by Baron Edmond as the Palestine Jewish Colonisation Association (PICA), under the direction of his son, James de Rothschild (1878-1957). PICA acquired more than 125,000 acres (50,586 ha) of land and established a range of business ventures. As well as offices in Palestine, PICA had offices in Paris. After the 1929 Palestine riots PICA helped to rehabilitate agricultural colonies that had been damaged.
SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/family/philanthropy/baron_edmond_de_rothschild_and_palestine
2.) Who was behind the Balfour Declaration?
30 OCTOBER 2017
Below, Al Jazeera examines the key players involved in realising the Balfour Declaration.
This week, Palestinians around the world are marking 100 years since the Balfour Declaration was issued on November 2, 1917.
The Balfour Declaration was a public pledge by Britain, declaring its aim to establish "a national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
The statement came in the form of a letter from Britain's then foreign secretary, Arthur Balfour, addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild, a figurehead of the British Jewish community.
But the declaration was by no means formulated and decided upon overnight - rather, it had been in the works for years, involved many people and was drafted numerous times before being sent out.
The pledge is generally viewed as one of the main catalysts of the ethnic cleansing of Palestine in 1948 and the creation of the Zionist state of Israel.
SOURCE : https://interactive.aljazeera.com/aje/2017/behind-balfour/amp.html
3.) Walter Rothschild and the Balfour Declaration
On November 2, 1917, the British Government expressed its sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations and announced that it would use its “best endeavours” to facilitate “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people”.
The announcement came in a letter from Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter, 2nd Lord Rothschild (1868-1937), the unofficial leader of the British Jewish community.
The Balfour agreement became the diplomatic foundation stone of the state of Israel. The origins of the letter had begun in the early twentieth century, when Chaim Weizmann, the leading spokesman for Zionism in Britain began to solicit support among the British people, shortly after he settled in Manchester in 1904.
Origins in The First World War
Beginning in 1916, the British hoped that in exchange for their support of Zionism, “the Jews” would help to finance the growing expenses of the First World War, which was becoming increasingly burdensome. More importantly, policy-makers in the Foreign Office believed that Jews could be prevailed upon to persuade the United States to join the War.
At this time, there were very strong pro-Zionist feelings by many of the political elite and establishment. Many of Britain’s leaders, including Prime Minister David Lloyd George, and Balfour himself, felt for the Jews and their history. These men were deeply religious Christian Zionists. They had grown up on the Bible; the Holy Land was their spiritual home.
They believed that modern Zionism would fulfil a divine promise, and re-settle the Jews in the land of their ancient fathers.
SOURCE : https://www.rothschildarchive.org/collections/rothschild_faqs/walter_rothschild_and_the_balfour_declaration
4.) Balfour Declaration
United Kingdom [1917]
Written and fact-checked by
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Last Updated: Dec 8, 2023 • Article History
Table of Contents
Balfour Declaration, (November 2, 1917), statement of British support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” It was made in a letter from Arthur James Balfour, the British foreign secretary, to Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild (of Tring), a leader of the Anglo-Jewish community. Though the precise meaning of the correspondence has been disputed, its statements were generally contradictory to both the Sykes-Picot Agreement (a secret convention between Britain and France) and the Ḥusayn-McMahon correspondence (an exchange of letters between the British high commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, and Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī, then emir of Mecca), which in turn contradicted one another (see Palestine, World War I and after).
SOURCE : https://www.britannica.com/event/Balfour-Declaration
*** Disclaimer : This a repost from myself, because people are tooooo comfortable with the status quo. ***
“I will not apologize for telling the FACTS, in a world that worship the lies”.
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(0)
0
0
0
Jewish religious leader reveals how he feels about Israeli aggression in Gaza
Yisroel Dovid Weiss, Rabbi and spokesman for Neturei Karta, talks to TRT World about the Israeli attack on Palestine.#Israel #Palestine #GazaSubscribe:http:/...
V1: https://youtu.be/_FNtMV2i8-8?si=TxlRyEy4L6xtsByp
V2 : https://youtu.be/tJ260F6nHBo?si=HgoRvZ_Y9Z_WlhOH
The Butcher of Deir Yassin - the 1948 genocidal massacre in Palestine where he
Israelis went from house to can house, killing hundreds of
Palestinians. The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when around 130[1] fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi killed at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children, in Deir Yassin, a village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem, despite having earlier agreed to a peace pact. The massacre occurred while Jewish militia sought to relieve the blockade of Jerusalem during the civil war that preceded the end of British rule in Palestine.[4]
What was the Deir Yassin massacre?
* The Deir Yassin massacre was a massacre of more than 100 Palestinians, including dozens of children, women, and elderly people, carried out by Zionist militias in the Palestinian town of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem on April 9, 1948, during the establishment of the state of Israel. Some of the victims were mutilated and raped before being murdered. Entire families were killed. Dozens of men were paraded through Jerusalem on trucks and then executed in a nearby quarry.
The massacre was committed by members of the Irgun and Stern Gang, led by Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir, respectively, who would both go on to become prime minister of Israel. The precursor to the Israeli army, the Haganah militia, provided support to the attack on Deir Yassin with mortar fire and by disposing of the bodies. The Haganah was under the control of David Ben-Gurion, who would become Israel’s first prime minister just over a month after the massacre.
Why was it important?
* The Deir Yassin massacre triggered a mass flight of Palestinians from their homes and land in and around Jerusalem and beyond. It was a pivotal moment in the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians that was carried out by Zionist militias and the new Israeli army in order to establish Israel as a Jewish majority state in Palestine.
* The Deir Yassin massacre and flood of Palestinians fleeing in terror across their borders helped convince the leaders of neighboring Arab countries, who were initially reluctant to intervene, to get involved militarily when the state of Israel was declared on May 15, 1948, thus marking the start of a series of regional wars over the ensuing decades.
* In the end, approximately three quarters of all Palestinians (upwards of 750,000 people) were expelled from their homeland during Israel’s establishment on 78% of Palestine. This event is known to Palestinians as the Nakba (“catastrophe” in Arabic).
Why does it matter today?
* The massacre at Deir Yassin and its repercussions form a major part of the collective memory of Palestinians and of the collective trauma suffered by generations of Palestinians dispossessed and brutalized by Israel’s apartheid system.
1.) UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire
GENEVA (14 October 2023) – A UN human rights expert warned today that Palestinians are in grave danger of mass ethnic cleansing and called on the international community to urgently mediate a ceasefire between warring Hamas and Israeli occupation forces.
“The situation in the occupied Palestinian territory and Israel has reached fever pitch,” said Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967.
“The United Nations and its Member States must intensify efforts to mediate an immediate ceasefire between the parties, before we reach a point of no return,” said Albanese. “The international community has the responsibility to prevent and protect populations from atrocity crimes. Accountability for international crimes committed by Israeli occupation forces and Hamas must also be immediately pursued,” she said.
Since 7 October 2023, more than 1,900 Palestinians have been killed, including at least 600 children, more than 7,600 injured, and over 423,000 people have been displaced as a result of the Israeli strikes. This fate befell a population which has already experienced five major wars since 2008 in the context of an unlawful blockade imposed by Israel since 2007, which Albanese said has been widely condemned by the international community as collective punishment.
On 12 October, Israeli forces issued an order for 1.1 million Palestinians in north Gaza to move to the south within 24 hours, amidst ongoing airstrikes. The next day, Israeli forces reportedly began to enter Gaza in order to “clear” the area. Palestinians have no safe zone anywhere in Gaza, with Israel having imposed a “complete siege” on the tiny enclave, with water, food, fuel and electricity unlawfully cut off. Rafah, the only border crossing that remained partially open to the Gaza strip, was closed after damage caused by Israeli airstrikes.
There is a grave danger that what we are witnessing may be a repeat of the 1948 Nakba, and the 1967 Naksa, yet on a larger scale.
The international community must do everything to stop this from happening again,” the UN expert said. She noted that Israeli public officials have openly advocated for another Nakba, the term for the events of 1947-1949 when over 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes and lands during the hostilities that led to the establishment of the State of Israel. The Naksa, which led to Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in 1967, displaced 350,000 Palestinians.
“Israel has already carried out mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians under the fog of war,” the expert said. “Again, in the name of self-defence, Israel is seeking to justify what would amount to ethnic cleansing.
“Any continued military operations by Israel have gone well beyond the limits of international law. The international community must stop these egregious violations of international law now, before tragic history is repeated. Time is of the essence. Palestinians and Israelis both deserve to live in peace, equality of rights, dignity and freedom,” Albanese said.
ENDS
SOURCE : https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls#:~:text=GENEVA%20(14%20October%202023)%20–,Hamas%20and%20Israeli%20occupation%20forces
2.) Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies
Contending Modernities presents the statement of scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies sounding the alarm regarding further escalation of the crimes against civilians underway in Gaza. In the introduction, Raz Segal highlights the melding of apocalyptic religious symbolism with an exclusionary modern nation state project by Israeli leadership to justify and drum up support for unprecedented rates of Palestinian death and destruction.
SOURCE : https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/statement-of-scholars-7-october/#:~:text=The%20reference%20is%20to%20the,war%2C%20when%20Israel%20was%20established.
3.) The Genocide of the Palestinian People:
An International Law and Human Rights Perspective
SOURCE : https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf
4.) Commentary: Don’t look away. Israel’s response is textbook ethnic cleansing.
A newly leaked document shows that Israel sees the war as an opportunity to push Palestinians into Egypt.
In just three weeks, more Palestinian children have been killed by Israeli bombing in Gaza than have all children in all of the world’s conflict zones since 2019. This includes the war in Ukraine. The more than 3,300 deaths of Palestinian children have come as entire neighborhoods have been reduced to rubble, crushing innocent residents and neighbors.
To the militant government of Israel, which includes a finance minister who doesn’t stint at applying the word “fascist” to himself, a racist supremacist defense minister who recently declared Palestinians to be “animals” and a corrupt prime minister, Palestinian lives simply do not matter.
SOURCE : https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2023/10/31/commentary-dont-look-away-israels/
BONUS :
[[[ *** The Butcher of Deir Yassin - the 1948 genocidal massacre in Palestine where he
Israelis went from house to can house, killing hundreds of
Palestinians. *** ]]]
1.) The Secret History of the Second Amendment as an African-American Civil Right
AUGUST 30, 2021
Florida law in 1825 authorized white people to “enter into all Negro houses” and “lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition
In 1825, Florida’s “Act to Govern Patrols” provided that white citizens “shall enter into all negro houses and suspected places, and search for arms and other offensive or improper weapons, and may lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition.”
An Act concerning patrols, in Compilation of the Public Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida, Passed Prior to 1840, at 65 (John P. Duval ed., 1839).
Subject(s):
* Race and Slavery Based
Jurisdiction(s):
* Florida
Year(s):
1833
Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for any patrol of this Territory, to take from any slave or slaves any fire-arms, or other dangerous weapons, to be delivered by said patrol to the justice of the peace of said district . . . .
Sec. 17. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any slave, free negro, or mulatto, to keep or retain in his or their house or houses, any fire-arms whatsoever, and it is hereby made the duty of the patrol to search negro houses or other suspected places for fire-arms, and if any they find, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, may take the same to the nearest justice of the peace, who may proceed therewith as directed in a preceding section of this act; and the negro or negroes, in whose possession the same may be found, on failing to give a plain and satisfactory account of the manner he or they came possessed of the same, may be severally punished by moderate whipping on the bare back, not exceeding thirty-nine lashes.
SOURCE : https://firearmslaw.duke.edu/laws/an-act-concerning-patrols-in-compilation-of-the-public-acts-of-the-legislative-council-of-the-territory-of-florida-passed-prior-to-1840-at-65-john-p-duval-ed-1839/
The above FACTS is what legislation what actual “Gun Control” & “Stripping Away the 2nd Amendment” looks like.
It was done around the United States of America and not just a few isolated places.
You’re welcomed.
BONUS again :
A.] What was the gun law in Florida in 1825?
28, 31, prohibited slaves outside the company of whites or without written permission from their master from using or carrying firearms unless they were hunting or guarding the master's plantation. (Id.) Slave and free black homes searched for guns for confiscation. "An Act to Govern Patrols," 1825 Acts of Fla.
B. ] 1792 United States
Blacks excluded from the militia, i.e., law-abiding males thus instilled with the right to own guns. Uniform Militia Act of 1792 "called for the enrollment of every free, able-bodied white male citizen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five" to be in the militia and specified that every militia member was to "provide himself with a musket or firelock, a bayonet, and ammunition." [1 Stat. 271 (Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 80, No. 2, "The Second Amendment: Toward an Afro-Americanist Reconsideration," Robert Cottrol and Raymond Diamond, 1991, p. 331)]
C.] The FACTS
* 1825 Florida
Slave and free black homes searched for guns for confiscation. "An Act to Govern Patrols," 1825 Acts of Fla. 52, 55 - Section 8 provided that white citizen patrols "shall enter into all negro houses and suspected places, and search for arms and other offensive or improper weapons and may lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition...." Section 9 provided that a slave might carry a firearm under this statute either by means of the weekly renewable license or if "in the presence of some white person." (Id.)
* 1828 Florida
Free blacks permitted to carry guns if court approval. Act of Nov. 17, 1828 Sec. 9, 1828 Fla. Laws 174, 177; Act of Jan. 12, 1828, Sec. 9, 1827 Fla. Laws 97, 100 - Florida went back and forth on the question of licenses for free blacks; twice in 1828, Florida enacted provisions providing for free blacks to carry and use firearms upon obtaining a license from a justice of the peace. (Id.)
* 1831 Florida
Race-based total gun ban. Act of Jan. 1831, 1831 Fla. Laws 30 - Florida repealed all provision for firearm licenses for free blacks. (Id. p. 337-38)
SOURCE : https://urbanareas.net/info/the-racist-origins-of-us-gun-control/
*** Disclaimer : This a repost from myself, because people are tooooo comfortable with the status quo. ***
“I will not apologize for telling the FACTS, in a world that worship the lies”.
V2 : https://youtu.be/tJ260F6nHBo?si=HgoRvZ_Y9Z_WlhOH
The Butcher of Deir Yassin - the 1948 genocidal massacre in Palestine where he
Israelis went from house to can house, killing hundreds of
Palestinians. The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when around 130[1] fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi killed at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children, in Deir Yassin, a village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem, despite having earlier agreed to a peace pact. The massacre occurred while Jewish militia sought to relieve the blockade of Jerusalem during the civil war that preceded the end of British rule in Palestine.[4]
What was the Deir Yassin massacre?
* The Deir Yassin massacre was a massacre of more than 100 Palestinians, including dozens of children, women, and elderly people, carried out by Zionist militias in the Palestinian town of Deir Yassin near Jerusalem on April 9, 1948, during the establishment of the state of Israel. Some of the victims were mutilated and raped before being murdered. Entire families were killed. Dozens of men were paraded through Jerusalem on trucks and then executed in a nearby quarry.
The massacre was committed by members of the Irgun and Stern Gang, led by Menachem Begin and Yitzhak Shamir, respectively, who would both go on to become prime minister of Israel. The precursor to the Israeli army, the Haganah militia, provided support to the attack on Deir Yassin with mortar fire and by disposing of the bodies. The Haganah was under the control of David Ben-Gurion, who would become Israel’s first prime minister just over a month after the massacre.
Why was it important?
* The Deir Yassin massacre triggered a mass flight of Palestinians from their homes and land in and around Jerusalem and beyond. It was a pivotal moment in the ethnic cleansing of Palestinians that was carried out by Zionist militias and the new Israeli army in order to establish Israel as a Jewish majority state in Palestine.
* The Deir Yassin massacre and flood of Palestinians fleeing in terror across their borders helped convince the leaders of neighboring Arab countries, who were initially reluctant to intervene, to get involved militarily when the state of Israel was declared on May 15, 1948, thus marking the start of a series of regional wars over the ensuing decades.
* In the end, approximately three quarters of all Palestinians (upwards of 750,000 people) were expelled from their homeland during Israel’s establishment on 78% of Palestine. This event is known to Palestinians as the Nakba (“catastrophe” in Arabic).
Why does it matter today?
* The massacre at Deir Yassin and its repercussions form a major part of the collective memory of Palestinians and of the collective trauma suffered by generations of Palestinians dispossessed and brutalized by Israel’s apartheid system.
1.) UN expert warns of new instance of mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians, calls for immediate ceasefire
GENEVA (14 October 2023) – A UN human rights expert warned today that Palestinians are in grave danger of mass ethnic cleansing and called on the international community to urgently mediate a ceasefire between warring Hamas and Israeli occupation forces.
“The situation in the occupied Palestinian territory and Israel has reached fever pitch,” said Francesca Albanese, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian Territory occupied since 1967.
“The United Nations and its Member States must intensify efforts to mediate an immediate ceasefire between the parties, before we reach a point of no return,” said Albanese. “The international community has the responsibility to prevent and protect populations from atrocity crimes. Accountability for international crimes committed by Israeli occupation forces and Hamas must also be immediately pursued,” she said.
Since 7 October 2023, more than 1,900 Palestinians have been killed, including at least 600 children, more than 7,600 injured, and over 423,000 people have been displaced as a result of the Israeli strikes. This fate befell a population which has already experienced five major wars since 2008 in the context of an unlawful blockade imposed by Israel since 2007, which Albanese said has been widely condemned by the international community as collective punishment.
On 12 October, Israeli forces issued an order for 1.1 million Palestinians in north Gaza to move to the south within 24 hours, amidst ongoing airstrikes. The next day, Israeli forces reportedly began to enter Gaza in order to “clear” the area. Palestinians have no safe zone anywhere in Gaza, with Israel having imposed a “complete siege” on the tiny enclave, with water, food, fuel and electricity unlawfully cut off. Rafah, the only border crossing that remained partially open to the Gaza strip, was closed after damage caused by Israeli airstrikes.
There is a grave danger that what we are witnessing may be a repeat of the 1948 Nakba, and the 1967 Naksa, yet on a larger scale.
The international community must do everything to stop this from happening again,” the UN expert said. She noted that Israeli public officials have openly advocated for another Nakba, the term for the events of 1947-1949 when over 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from their homes and lands during the hostilities that led to the establishment of the State of Israel. The Naksa, which led to Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in 1967, displaced 350,000 Palestinians.
“Israel has already carried out mass ethnic cleansing of Palestinians under the fog of war,” the expert said. “Again, in the name of self-defence, Israel is seeking to justify what would amount to ethnic cleansing.
“Any continued military operations by Israel have gone well beyond the limits of international law. The international community must stop these egregious violations of international law now, before tragic history is repeated. Time is of the essence. Palestinians and Israelis both deserve to live in peace, equality of rights, dignity and freedom,” Albanese said.
ENDS
SOURCE : https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/un-expert-warns-new-instance-mass-ethnic-cleansing-palestinians-calls#:~:text=GENEVA%20(14%20October%202023)%20–,Hamas%20and%20Israeli%20occupation%20forces
2.) Statement of Scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies
Contending Modernities presents the statement of scholars in Holocaust and Genocide Studies sounding the alarm regarding further escalation of the crimes against civilians underway in Gaza. In the introduction, Raz Segal highlights the melding of apocalyptic religious symbolism with an exclusionary modern nation state project by Israeli leadership to justify and drum up support for unprecedented rates of Palestinian death and destruction.
SOURCE : https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/statement-of-scholars-7-october/#:~:text=The%20reference%20is%20to%20the,war%2C%20when%20Israel%20was%20established.
3.) The Genocide of the Palestinian People:
An International Law and Human Rights Perspective
SOURCE : https://ccrjustice.org/sites/default/files/attach/2016/10/Background%20on%20the%20term%20genocide%20in%20Israel%20Palestine%20Context.pdf
4.) Commentary: Don’t look away. Israel’s response is textbook ethnic cleansing.
A newly leaked document shows that Israel sees the war as an opportunity to push Palestinians into Egypt.
In just three weeks, more Palestinian children have been killed by Israeli bombing in Gaza than have all children in all of the world’s conflict zones since 2019. This includes the war in Ukraine. The more than 3,300 deaths of Palestinian children have come as entire neighborhoods have been reduced to rubble, crushing innocent residents and neighbors.
To the militant government of Israel, which includes a finance minister who doesn’t stint at applying the word “fascist” to himself, a racist supremacist defense minister who recently declared Palestinians to be “animals” and a corrupt prime minister, Palestinian lives simply do not matter.
SOURCE : https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2023/10/31/commentary-dont-look-away-israels/
BONUS :
[[[ *** The Butcher of Deir Yassin - the 1948 genocidal massacre in Palestine where he
Israelis went from house to can house, killing hundreds of
Palestinians. *** ]]]
1.) The Secret History of the Second Amendment as an African-American Civil Right
AUGUST 30, 2021
Florida law in 1825 authorized white people to “enter into all Negro houses” and “lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition
In 1825, Florida’s “Act to Govern Patrols” provided that white citizens “shall enter into all negro houses and suspected places, and search for arms and other offensive or improper weapons, and may lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition.”
An Act concerning patrols, in Compilation of the Public Acts of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida, Passed Prior to 1840, at 65 (John P. Duval ed., 1839).
Subject(s):
* Race and Slavery Based
Jurisdiction(s):
* Florida
Year(s):
1833
Sec. 15. Be it further enacted, That it shall be lawful for any patrol of this Territory, to take from any slave or slaves any fire-arms, or other dangerous weapons, to be delivered by said patrol to the justice of the peace of said district . . . .
Sec. 17. Be it further enacted, That it shall not be lawful for any slave, free negro, or mulatto, to keep or retain in his or their house or houses, any fire-arms whatsoever, and it is hereby made the duty of the patrol to search negro houses or other suspected places for fire-arms, and if any they find, contrary to the true intent and meaning of this act, may take the same to the nearest justice of the peace, who may proceed therewith as directed in a preceding section of this act; and the negro or negroes, in whose possession the same may be found, on failing to give a plain and satisfactory account of the manner he or they came possessed of the same, may be severally punished by moderate whipping on the bare back, not exceeding thirty-nine lashes.
SOURCE : https://firearmslaw.duke.edu/laws/an-act-concerning-patrols-in-compilation-of-the-public-acts-of-the-legislative-council-of-the-territory-of-florida-passed-prior-to-1840-at-65-john-p-duval-ed-1839/
The above FACTS is what legislation what actual “Gun Control” & “Stripping Away the 2nd Amendment” looks like.
It was done around the United States of America and not just a few isolated places.
You’re welcomed.
BONUS again :
A.] What was the gun law in Florida in 1825?
28, 31, prohibited slaves outside the company of whites or without written permission from their master from using or carrying firearms unless they were hunting or guarding the master's plantation. (Id.) Slave and free black homes searched for guns for confiscation. "An Act to Govern Patrols," 1825 Acts of Fla.
B. ] 1792 United States
Blacks excluded from the militia, i.e., law-abiding males thus instilled with the right to own guns. Uniform Militia Act of 1792 "called for the enrollment of every free, able-bodied white male citizen between the ages of eighteen and forty-five" to be in the militia and specified that every militia member was to "provide himself with a musket or firelock, a bayonet, and ammunition." [1 Stat. 271 (Georgetown Law Journal, Vol. 80, No. 2, "The Second Amendment: Toward an Afro-Americanist Reconsideration," Robert Cottrol and Raymond Diamond, 1991, p. 331)]
C.] The FACTS
* 1825 Florida
Slave and free black homes searched for guns for confiscation. "An Act to Govern Patrols," 1825 Acts of Fla. 52, 55 - Section 8 provided that white citizen patrols "shall enter into all negro houses and suspected places, and search for arms and other offensive or improper weapons and may lawfully seize and take away all such arms, weapons, and ammunition...." Section 9 provided that a slave might carry a firearm under this statute either by means of the weekly renewable license or if "in the presence of some white person." (Id.)
* 1828 Florida
Free blacks permitted to carry guns if court approval. Act of Nov. 17, 1828 Sec. 9, 1828 Fla. Laws 174, 177; Act of Jan. 12, 1828, Sec. 9, 1827 Fla. Laws 97, 100 - Florida went back and forth on the question of licenses for free blacks; twice in 1828, Florida enacted provisions providing for free blacks to carry and use firearms upon obtaining a license from a justice of the peace. (Id.)
* 1831 Florida
Race-based total gun ban. Act of Jan. 1831, 1831 Fla. Laws 30 - Florida repealed all provision for firearm licenses for free blacks. (Id. p. 337-38)
SOURCE : https://urbanareas.net/info/the-racist-origins-of-us-gun-control/
*** Disclaimer : This a repost from myself, because people are tooooo comfortable with the status quo. ***
“I will not apologize for telling the FACTS, in a world that worship the lies”.
(0)
(0)
0
0
0
One guy brought in multiple weapons and committed a domestic terrorist attack killing 58 people.
Organized militia, terrorist organizations operate the same way throughout the USA. You don’t see people saying ALL white people must be in-cohoots with white nationalists mass shooters in the USA.
Of course Hamas has local support as a terrorist organization as do the white nationalists terror organizations do here in these United States of America.
1.) Las Vegas shooting: Photos show inside Stephen Paddock's suite at Mandalay Bay
Photos released by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department showing the Mandalay Bay suite of Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock.
SOURCE : https://www.abc15.com/news/news-photo-gallery/las-vegas-shooting-photos-show-inside-stephen-paddocks-suite-at-mandalay-bay
2.) Surveillance video shows Vegas gunman methodically bringing suitcases of weapons to hotel room
In the week before the Las Vegas mass shooting, Stephen Paddock brought at least 21 suitcases to his room at the Mandalay Bay hotel as he gradually amassed 23 guns and thousands of rounds of ammo.
SOURCE : https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp-video/mmvo [login to see] 8
Some people can keep their mouths shut. ALL Domestic Terrorist Groups have some grass root civilians support.
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide is an unacceptable answer
Organized militia, terrorist organizations operate the same way throughout the USA. You don’t see people saying ALL white people must be in-cohoots with white nationalists mass shooters in the USA.
Of course Hamas has local support as a terrorist organization as do the white nationalists terror organizations do here in these United States of America.
1.) Las Vegas shooting: Photos show inside Stephen Paddock's suite at Mandalay Bay
Photos released by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department showing the Mandalay Bay suite of Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock.
SOURCE : https://www.abc15.com/news/news-photo-gallery/las-vegas-shooting-photos-show-inside-stephen-paddocks-suite-at-mandalay-bay
2.) Surveillance video shows Vegas gunman methodically bringing suitcases of weapons to hotel room
In the week before the Las Vegas mass shooting, Stephen Paddock brought at least 21 suitcases to his room at the Mandalay Bay hotel as he gradually amassed 23 guns and thousands of rounds of ammo.
SOURCE : https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp-video/mmvo [login to see] 8
Some people can keep their mouths shut. ALL Domestic Terrorist Groups have some grass root civilians support.
Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide is an unacceptable answer
Las Vegas shooting: Photos show inside Stephen Paddock's suite at Mandalay Bay
Photos released by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department showing the Mandalay Bay suite ofLas Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock.
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0
0
0
Sometimes conducting a Center of Gravity (COG) analysis will help paint the picture. A COG is the true strength of an entity. It can be ideology or a capability. I think the Israeli COGs are the desire for security of the country and its military. The Palestinian COGs are its hate for Israel and terrorism.
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