Individuals drinking 2-3 cups of coffee per day have the lowest risk of depression and anxiety

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An analysis of the UK Biobank data revealed a J-shaped relationship between coffee consumption and the risk of depression and anxiety. Individuals who consumed 2-3 cups of coffee daily had the lowest risk of these mental disorders. However, risks increased for those who drank either fewer or more than this amount. The results were consistent regardless of whether individuals consumed ground coffee, milk coffee, or unsweetened coffee. The study was published in Psychiatry Research.

Both anxiety and depression disorders rank among the top causes of disability worldwide. Anxiety disorder manifests as excessive worry, fear, or apprehension, often intense and persistent, leading to physical symptoms such as a raised heart rate and muscle tension. Conversely, depression is characterized by enduring feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities. This disorder can also present physical symptoms, including appetite and sleep pattern changes. Both disorders can severely disrupt daily life.