MISO Product Testing in a Non-Permissive COIN Environment | Small Wars Journal

"Much of the MISO doctrine presented in FM 3-05.301 Psychological Operations Tactics, Techniques and Procedures was developed for a more traditional conflict in ideal conditions characterized by excellent infrastructure, freedom of movement, high literacy rates, and easy access to the target audience (TA). By contrast, much of Afghanistan is composed of inhospitable human and physical terrain. It is not uncommon for a population center that is only ten miles distant to require in excess of a day to travel to—much of it through enemy controlled territory. As a result, mission opportunities are reduced and few actually involve interaction with the indigenous population that forms the target audience."