Posted on Jun 8, 2015
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http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/story/military/2015/06/08/marines-non-cognitive-testing-for-better-officers/28479045/
(* Because the subject is on USMC leadership and to seed the discussion with mature input, I tagged Field Grade and above Marine Officers who are in the top 5% in influence. The discussion is primarily intended for Marines but is open to anyone who potentially has something constructive to contribute.)
(* Because the subject is on USMC leadership and to seed the discussion with mature input, I tagged Field Grade and above Marine Officers who are in the top 5% in influence. The discussion is primarily intended for Marines but is open to anyone who potentially has something constructive to contribute.)
Posted >1 y ago
Responses: 11
Sir,
I read the article earlier today, and the impression I got was an attempt to refine selection criteria more than anything. The current standard seems to be "academic performance" however the "drop rate" at entrance level is still fairly high (I want to say about 1/3).
The implication is that academic performance may not be indicative of strong leadership potential, whereas another metric may be better suited. This in turn could theoretically reduce overall training costs, and produce a stronger officer corps as well as find out the specific tests which are good indicators.
Per your survey options, I voted other, because I think all the options are correct to a degree. I think the current system is Objective, and works well, but we should always refine our processes. That's what makes us Marines, we're never satisfied with a "Not broke" answer. That takes us into the realm of protecting the system from Subjectivity (option 2), which is a definite concern, and how do we measure character (especially when the USMC prides itself on building it).
This is an interesting idea, worth exploring to an extent. How deeply I don't know, but I always like the concept of challenging "how things are currently done."
Edit: syntax
I read the article earlier today, and the impression I got was an attempt to refine selection criteria more than anything. The current standard seems to be "academic performance" however the "drop rate" at entrance level is still fairly high (I want to say about 1/3).
The implication is that academic performance may not be indicative of strong leadership potential, whereas another metric may be better suited. This in turn could theoretically reduce overall training costs, and produce a stronger officer corps as well as find out the specific tests which are good indicators.
Per your survey options, I voted other, because I think all the options are correct to a degree. I think the current system is Objective, and works well, but we should always refine our processes. That's what makes us Marines, we're never satisfied with a "Not broke" answer. That takes us into the realm of protecting the system from Subjectivity (option 2), which is a definite concern, and how do we measure character (especially when the USMC prides itself on building it).
This is an interesting idea, worth exploring to an extent. How deeply I don't know, but I always like the concept of challenging "how things are currently done."
Edit: syntax
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If this is the type of definition (below) we are using I would say proceed with caution.
Non-cognitive skills are any skills that are not cognitive, such as memory, attention, planning, language and thinking skills. Non-cognitive skills include emotional maturity, empathy, interpersonal skills and verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-cognitive skills influence the overall behavior of a person. For example, a nurse who is able to to easily comfort patients has non-cognitive skills.
The wash out rate is high because the schools are hard. I don't have any issue in looking at ways to better identify people that might do well through the school as they exist. If there comes a plan to make the schools easier, less stressful mentally and physically then I would not be good with it.
I would say proceed with caution. This sounds like some more mushy headed, feel goodism way to make us all feel better about things. It is hard to measure these skills but they are not bad skills to have. Some come with maturity and experience in life too. I would say my non-cognitive skills are far better now than they were at 20 years old.
I worked at OCS in 1982 (PLC Junior at Camp Upsher mostly) helping to train office candidates. It is an eye opener for many college students. I was only an H&S guy, demonstrated the courses for candidates, radio operator for exercises, humps etc. It is a tough course, many wash out.
Non-cognitive skills are any skills that are not cognitive, such as memory, attention, planning, language and thinking skills. Non-cognitive skills include emotional maturity, empathy, interpersonal skills and verbal and non-verbal communication. Non-cognitive skills influence the overall behavior of a person. For example, a nurse who is able to to easily comfort patients has non-cognitive skills.
The wash out rate is high because the schools are hard. I don't have any issue in looking at ways to better identify people that might do well through the school as they exist. If there comes a plan to make the schools easier, less stressful mentally and physically then I would not be good with it.
I would say proceed with caution. This sounds like some more mushy headed, feel goodism way to make us all feel better about things. It is hard to measure these skills but they are not bad skills to have. Some come with maturity and experience in life too. I would say my non-cognitive skills are far better now than they were at 20 years old.
I worked at OCS in 1982 (PLC Junior at Camp Upsher mostly) helping to train office candidates. It is an eye opener for many college students. I was only an H&S guy, demonstrated the courses for candidates, radio operator for exercises, humps etc. It is a tough course, many wash out.
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Suspended Profile
Capt Jeff S.. As usual the wrong question is being asked . . . in essence how can we refine our testing to ensure selected candidates can pass OCS . . . when the real question is far more complex. The real question is what mix of the many staff and line officer disciplines will be important to maintaining force readiness during relative peace time . . . and how can we best prepare that relative peace time mix of leadership candidates to survive and excel in future conflicts. The question is not how to improve the academic pipeline . . . the question is really in essence how do we go about defining the kind of leaders we want these cadets to become over the course of their military career . . . during alternate cycles of relative peace time and conflict. Warmest Regards, Sandy
p.s. From my perspective, we spend way to much time ensuring our own and allied officer corps establish massive unwieldy bureaucratic procedural systems . . . and we select officers who buy into these massive institutionalized bureaucracies for the sake of self preservation, covering their asses, and failing to act in the best manner to do the right thing at the most effective time. Too many officers are completely hamstrung by bureaucracy . . . for example DUSTOFF birds that used to launch on 3 minute alert now wait for medically unacceptably long periods of time waiting for authorization and clearance from higher command.
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p.s. From my perspective, we spend way to much time ensuring our own and allied officer corps establish massive unwieldy bureaucratic procedural systems . . . and we select officers who buy into these massive institutionalized bureaucracies for the sake of self preservation, covering their asses, and failing to act in the best manner to do the right thing at the most effective time. Too many officers are completely hamstrung by bureaucracy . . . for example DUSTOFF birds that used to launch on 3 minute alert now wait for medically unacceptably long periods of time waiting for authorization and clearance from higher command.
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Capt. Jeff Schwager,
I say maybe, but who knows right? What really makes a Marine Officer? Is it their Character? or their Rank?. How about their Education, IQ, or EQ. I believe that making of a Marine Officer come from their heart and mind and the ability to lead. Gentlemen and Ladies I retired from Our Marine Corps in 1994 after 21 plus years. I have had the honor to serve under six Commandant's of our Beloved Corps. I had learned a lot from my Senior Officers before me and after me. So with that in mind, if it will help our Officers in the Corps, then so be it. But most of all have that common esprit de corps and everything will work out fine. S/F, JK
I say maybe, but who knows right? What really makes a Marine Officer? Is it their Character? or their Rank?. How about their Education, IQ, or EQ. I believe that making of a Marine Officer come from their heart and mind and the ability to lead. Gentlemen and Ladies I retired from Our Marine Corps in 1994 after 21 plus years. I have had the honor to serve under six Commandant's of our Beloved Corps. I had learned a lot from my Senior Officers before me and after me. So with that in mind, if it will help our Officers in the Corps, then so be it. But most of all have that common esprit de corps and everything will work out fine. S/F, JK
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Interesting article. The academic literature on leadership describes being "smart" in several ways. Cognitive intelligence (traditionally the school work) is only one kind. As it turns out, Emotional/social intelligence is a better predictor of successful leadership that cognitive inteligence. Part of the reason for this is it takes someone to sense the emotional state of the followers and therefore use judgement to apply the right leadership approach to achieve the goals.
One of the leadership approaches is the command and control style - used a lot in combat as it should be. But, even Marines are not always in combat. Therefore, the judgement is used. Just my humble opinion.
One of the leadership approaches is the command and control style - used a lot in combat as it should be. But, even Marines are not always in combat. Therefore, the judgement is used. Just my humble opinion.
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SPC David S.
I will agree with you on that Lt Col Timothy Parker, DBA. One can read all the books they want, write papers and do empirical research on leadership yet if one can not "read" people none of it is applicable. I think a great deal of being a good leader is understanding the dynamics of personalities and how to communicate in such a way that the information or message is read loud and clear. Its more about managing the communication with the array of relationships than actually manage the people. Manage things vs lead people.
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They need to look at the actual problem that they are describing. They say that the selection process used to select those who will attend OCS is the issue here: "The document explains that officials have found consistent attrition patterns with current recruiting methods, which focus on a prospective candidate's grades, test scores and physical fitness performance, as well as accomplishments that demonstrated qualities such as integrity and leadership. "
3 factors are quantitative and the other is qualitative. Armed with these facts, they can look at the reason why Marines are kicked out of OCS, provide a weight value to it and evaluate against the 4 recruiting factors. That gives you a starting point. Are the candidates not smart enough (grades), is our entrance test faulty (test scores), are we grading to hard in OCS (PF perf) or are our brother Marines recommending trash or are we expecting too much too early from these candidates (evaluations and recommendations).
3 factors are quantitative and the other is qualitative. Armed with these facts, they can look at the reason why Marines are kicked out of OCS, provide a weight value to it and evaluate against the 4 recruiting factors. That gives you a starting point. Are the candidates not smart enough (grades), is our entrance test faulty (test scores), are we grading to hard in OCS (PF perf) or are our brother Marines recommending trash or are we expecting too much too early from these candidates (evaluations and recommendations).
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Col (Join to see)
Chris,
First: OCS, in the Marine Corps is not a "school", it is a screening process. The culture of Marine Corps OCS is all about eliminating the weak leaders / weak individuals by placing increasing levels of stress on the individual, to push him to the breaking point - physically and mentally. As I recall (I went through the process in '88), there were two primary reasons for attrition: 1) injury - I believe that was quite a high percentage and 2) subjective leadership evaluation which the SNCOs and NCOs had a great influence in. Like the Operators (SEALS and I believe Special Forces) the Marine Corps uses peer evaluations as well to get "voted off the island". As the article mentions the attrition rate is quite high - and it does come down to "grit" or tenacity. Ultimately, this is what getting through the process is supposed to determine - are you an individual, that will not quit, will remain positive and inspirational in the most trying of situations. To this day, I look back and consider it to have been one of the most difficult things I have endured.
First: OCS, in the Marine Corps is not a "school", it is a screening process. The culture of Marine Corps OCS is all about eliminating the weak leaders / weak individuals by placing increasing levels of stress on the individual, to push him to the breaking point - physically and mentally. As I recall (I went through the process in '88), there were two primary reasons for attrition: 1) injury - I believe that was quite a high percentage and 2) subjective leadership evaluation which the SNCOs and NCOs had a great influence in. Like the Operators (SEALS and I believe Special Forces) the Marine Corps uses peer evaluations as well to get "voted off the island". As the article mentions the attrition rate is quite high - and it does come down to "grit" or tenacity. Ultimately, this is what getting through the process is supposed to determine - are you an individual, that will not quit, will remain positive and inspirational in the most trying of situations. To this day, I look back and consider it to have been one of the most difficult things I have endured.
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CW5 (Join to see)
Sir, I understand what you are saying but I do not feel incorrect in calling it a school since OCS stands for Officer Candidate School. Your statement that it is a screening process is the very core of any selection and both the SEALs and Special Forces have schools and training events that do the same type of screening. The article is trying to pick better potential attendees to OCS so there isn't as much of a wash-out. I was trying to convey a possible systematic approach is to see what criteria they currently use to send Marines to school and compare that with current outcomes. With that data, they can adjust the inputs to receive a potential change in output.
Essentially, I believe that there is a low chance of being able to change the outcomes due to the human nature component. There is no quantitative test for leadership and personal recommendations and evaluations are always steeped in personal bias and prejudices. You will never be able to predict all of those who will get voted off the island in order to prevent them from going to OCS in the first place. If you could, OCS would become a right of passage instead of a screening process.
Essentially, I believe that there is a low chance of being able to change the outcomes due to the human nature component. There is no quantitative test for leadership and personal recommendations and evaluations are always steeped in personal bias and prejudices. You will never be able to predict all of those who will get voted off the island in order to prevent them from going to OCS in the first place. If you could, OCS would become a right of passage instead of a screening process.
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I'm not really sure any form of testing is going to really cover all the facades of a person.
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It is my opinion that standardized testing (elementary school-, high-school-level, ACT, SAT, etc.) will filter the specific and often INTENDED results. "What" is the test designed to expose? Across the branches, we need ALL types of leadership. We need people that can manage books, budgets, and assets. However, we also need folks that young PFC's and LCpl's will follow to hell, and back. I'm OK if such testing is used as an "indicator." But, not OK if it were to exclude some of those folks in the latter category. I'd say a better point to issue such testing would be prior to the transition from company- to field-grade.
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Yes, adopting a data-mining approach to screening for recruitment to any job can maximize our training efficiency. There may be many indicators of future success that we have not yet identified, and once we do, we can theoretically eliminate attrition from formal schools while raising training standards. Although it may be counter-intuitive for some, applying this concept to enlisted basic training first would help to develop meaningful results for use in other areas due to large population cross section.
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Sometimes testing is not going to cut out all you want to eliminate. I understand the desire to have less "waste" in any school, it is expensive and we only want success, but...
One idea played with in the Marines was all Marine Officers needed to have prior Enlisted Service before OCS. Maybe that would be even better than Cogitative Testing. Keep recruiting potential Officers, BUT require them to go through Marine Corps Boot Camp, and spend a set period of time as an Enlisted Marine prior to attending OCS. Recommendations from their Enlisted AND Officer Chain of Command prior to attending OCS. (This is not for Academy Graduates, OCS ONLY.)
One idea played with in the Marines was all Marine Officers needed to have prior Enlisted Service before OCS. Maybe that would be even better than Cogitative Testing. Keep recruiting potential Officers, BUT require them to go through Marine Corps Boot Camp, and spend a set period of time as an Enlisted Marine prior to attending OCS. Recommendations from their Enlisted AND Officer Chain of Command prior to attending OCS. (This is not for Academy Graduates, OCS ONLY.)
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Capt Jeff S.
There are pro's and con's to that. As a Mustang, I am tempted to agree with that, but in my experience I've seen both good and bad prior enlisted officers. The bad ones never stopped thinking like troops. I've met guys that didn't go through the Naval Academy, but instead were NROTC midshipmen and they went on to become fine officers.
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CMDCM Gene Treants
Totally agree with your assessment Capt Jeff S.. I was just responding to this specific question. I have also seen Academy Grads I would not give a plug nickel for so it is more dependent on the individual than the school, both VMI and The Citadel also come to mind, just to name a couple.
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Col (Join to see)
MCPO Treants, I have to disagree with you STRONGLY, on this. Before I give my exposition, please know, I was prior enlisted, for ten years. Your success as an officer in the Marine Corps, has zero to do with prior enlisted service, and I don't see it as being necessarily effective in increasing graduation rates at OCS. Now, many years later as a Colonel, indulge me. Success today, in any large organization, military or civilian, is contingent upon many things, but certainly we can agree upon these three: 1) loyalty from your juniors to carry out the plan, 2) agreement or "buy in" from your peers to provide the resources needed to carry out the plan, and 3) support from your leadership that your plan is supporting the overall operational or strategic plan. Frankly, Marine OCS, does one thing and it does that one thing very well -- it measures a person's grit or tenacity. Furthermore, having been through both recruit training and OCS, I can assure you that OCS is exponentially more difficult than recruit training -- I see a person's success or failure as an enlisted Marine completely unrelated to their later success as an officer. You could be an abysmal failure as an enlisted man and a great officer and the other way around. To be honest, at OCS it is the Marine SNCOs who really determine who our officers will be. They are best positioned to determine who can communicate with the kid from Compton and the kid from Orange County. The one value that does come from being formerly enlisted, is a broader perspective. Years ago (in the mid eighties) we had a huge number of drops as a result of injuries, we changed some things and cut the injury rate down. I think today, with the advent of big data, widespread DNA testing, and the Internet of Everything, we are on the cusp of massive changes in our approach to solving many problems -- including attrition at Marine Corps OCS. Who knows, maybe there is a genetic marker for tenacity? Maybe there's an unrelated correlation to eye color, hair color, finger length, etc. to certain desirable psychological capabilities. We've come a very long way from where we began, when commissions were purchased, or officers were politically appointed. The Israeli Army has the majority of their combat arms officers attend recruit training and are assessed during their first few years for leadership abilities. In many non OECD countries commissions are still purchased. Just recently there was a large scandal in the PRC as it was uncovered that General Officers were selling commissions. Martin L. Van Creveld wrote a book "Training of Officers: From Military Professionalism to Irrelevance" about the making of officers some years ago. I'm rehashing quite a bit of his scholarship. I don't know what's the optimal approach - but given my limited understanding of big data, I believe we will soon be able to improve upon the process. A few things need to be unchanged, the training needs to be gruelingly physically, mentally, and psychologically rigorous, all candidates should be in the physical top 10% with great upper body strength and endurance, all candidates should be well spoken, well read, well written and degreed. The SNCOs must continue their role as major players in the subjective component of selection. We used to jokingly refer to their role as "Subjective Unit Leadership Evaluation".
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