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Theodosius II (Latin: Flavius Theodosius Junior Augustus;[1] Greek: Θεοδόσιος Βʹ; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450),[2] commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger,[3] or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was the Eastern Roman Emperor for most of his life, taking the throne as an infant in 402 and ruling as the Eastern Empire’s sole emperor after the death of his father Arcadius in 408, until 450. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, and for the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople. He also presided over the outbreak of two great christological controversies, Nestorianism and Eutychianism.
Theodosius II - Wikipedia
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In this video, I examine the reign of Theodosius II with looking at the major persons, events, and accomplishments during the reign of Theodosius II.
Thanks Maj Marty Hogan for letting us know that April 10 is the anniversary of the birth of Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II.
Images: Theodosius II Coins; 400s Theodosian Walls of Constantinople were constructed Theodosius II; 421 Aelia Eudocia wife of Theodosius II
Background from romeacrosseurope.com/?p=3616#sthash.LrNhkDgU.dpbs
"Commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger, or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 408 to 450. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, and presiding over the outbreak of 2 great Christological controversies (Nestorianism and Eutychianism).
Born 10 April 401 AD, Flavius Theodosius Iunior Augustus was the only son of Emperor Arcadius and his Frankish-born wife Aelia Eudoxia. Less than a year later, in January AD 402, young Theodosius was proclaimed co-Augustus by his father.
The junior Theodosius thus became the youngest person ever to bear this title in Roman history. When his father died in AD 408, the 7-year-old boy became Emperor of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire (talk about having the weight of the world on your shoulders).
The boy ruler was at first counseled by the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius in his handling of government affairs. It was under whose supervision of Anthemius that the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople were constructed.
In AD 414, Theodosius’ older sister Pulcheria was proclaimed Augusta and assumed the regency. By AD 416 Theodosius was declared Augustus in his own right and the regency ended, but his sister remained a strong influence on him.
In June 421, Theodosius married Aelia Eudocia, a woman of Greek origin. The pair had a daughter named Licinia Eudoxia.
Theodosius’ increasing interest in Christianity, fueled by his sister’s influence, led him to go to war against the Sassanids (AD 421–422), who were persecuting Christians. The war ended in a stalemate, when the Romans were forced to accept peace as the Huns menaced Constantinople.
The war with Persia proved indecisive, and a peace was arranged in AD 422 without changes to the status quo. The later wars of Theodosius were generally less successful.
The Eastern Empire was plagued by raids by the Huns. Early in Theodosius II’s reign Romans used internal Hun discord to overcome Uldin‘s invasion of the Balkans.
The Romans strengthened their fortifications and in AD 424 agreed to pay 350 pounds of gold to encourage the Huns to remain at peace with the Romans. In AD 433 with the rise of Attila and Bleda to unify the Huns, the payment was doubled to 700 pounds.
In 423 AD, the Western Emperor Honorius (and Theodosius’ uncle) died and the Primicerius Notariorum Joannes was proclaimed Emperor. Honorius’ sister Galla Placidia and her young son Valentinian fled to Constantinople to seek Eastern assistance.
After some deliberation, in AD 424 Theodosius declared war against Joannes. On 23 October 425, Valentinian III was installed as Emperor of the West with the assistance of the Magister Officiorum Helion, with his mother acting as regent. To strengthen the ties between the 2 parts of the Empire, Theodosius’ daughter Licinia Eudoxia was betrothed to Valentinian.
In AD 425, Theodosius founded the University of Constantinople with 31 chairs (15 in Latin and 16 in Greek). Among subjects were law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music and rhetoric.
Then, in AD 429, Theodosius appointed a commission to collect all of the laws since the reign of Constantine I, and create a fully formalized system of law. This plan was left unfinished, but the work of a 2nd commission that met in Constantinople, assigned to collect all of the general legislations and bring them up to date was completed.
Their collection published as the Codex Theodosianus in AD 438. The law code of Theodosius II, summarizing edicts promulgated since Constantine, formed a basis for the law code of Emperor Justinian I, the Corpus Juris Civilis, in the following century.
When Roman Africa fell to the Vandals in 439 AD, both Eastern and Western Emperors sent forces to Sicily. The intent was to launch an attack on the Vandals at Carthage, but this project failed.
Seeing the Imperial borders without significant forces, the Huns and Sassanid Persia both attacked and the expeditionary force had to be recalled. During AD 443 a pair of Roman armies were defeated and destroyed by the Huns.
Anatolius negotiated a peace agreement and the Huns withdrew in exchange for humiliating concessions, including an annual tribute of 2,100 Roman pounds of gold. In 447 AD, the Huns went through the Balkans, destroying among others the city of Serdica and reaching Athyra on the outskirts of Constantinople.
During a visit to Syria, Theodosius met the renowned preacher and monk Nestorius. He appointed Nestorius Archbishop of Constantinople in 428 AD.
Nestorius quickly became involved in the disputes of 2 theological factions, which differed in their Christology. Nestorius tried to find a middle ground between those who, emphasizing the fact that in Christ God had been born as a man, insisted on calling the Virgin Mary Theotokos (Birth-giver of God), and those who rejected that title because God, as an eternal being, could not have been born.
Nestorius suggested the title Christotokos (Birth-giver of Christ) as a compromise, but it did not find acceptance with either faction. He was accused of separating Christ’s divine and human natures, resulting in “Two Christs”, a heresy later called Nestorianism.
Though initially supported by the Emperor, Nestorius found a forceful opponent in Archbishop Cyril of Alexandria. At the request of Nestorius, the Emperor called a council, which convened in Ephesus in AD 431.
This council affirmed the title Theotokos and condemned Nestorius, who returned to his monastery in Syria. Almost 20 years later, the theological dispute broke out again, this time caused by the Constantinopolitan Abbot Eutyches, whose Christology was understood by some to mingle Christ’s divine and human nature into one.
Eutyches was condemned by Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople but found a powerful friend in Cyril’s successor Dioscurus of Alexandria. Another council was convoked in Ephesus in AD 449, later deemed a “robber synod” by Pope Leo I because of its tumultuous circumstances.
This council restored Eutyches and deposed Flavian, who was mistreated and died shortly afterwards. Leo of Rome and many other bishops protested against the outcome, but Emperor Theodosius supported it.
Theodosius died in 450 AD as the result of a riding accident. In the ensuing power struggle, his sister Pulcheria, who had recently returned to court, won out against the eunuch Chrysaphius. She married the general Marcian, thereby making him Emperor.
After Theodosius’ death in 450, the Council of Chalcedon reversed the decisions of AD 449. Christianity and Rome’s empire were both in for some changes.
Although accused of being hands-off leaving the running of the Imperium Rōmānum to officials and his sister, Theodosius was as competent a ruler as one could expect after having adult responsibility thrust upon him in boyhood."
Theodosius II, 408-450
Focused on the reign of Theodosius II with looking at the major persons, events, and accomplishments during the reign of Theodosius II.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=027APPho4ec
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Stephen C. Maj William W. "Bill" Price Capt Seid Waddell CW5 (Join to see) SMSgt Minister Gerald A. Thomas SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSgt (Join to see) SP5 Mark Kuzinski SGT John " Mac " McConnell SGT Robert George SP5 Robert Ruck SCPO Morris RamseyCPL Eric Escasio SPC (Join to see) SrA Christopher Wright SPC Margaret Higgins Kim Bolen RN CCM ACM SGT Gregory Lawritson ]
Images: Theodosius II Coins; 400s Theodosian Walls of Constantinople were constructed Theodosius II; 421 Aelia Eudocia wife of Theodosius II
Background from romeacrosseurope.com/?p=3616#sthash.LrNhkDgU.dpbs
"Commonly surnamed Theodosius the Younger, or Theodosius the Calligrapher, was Eastern Roman Emperor from AD 408 to 450. He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code, the construction of the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople, and presiding over the outbreak of 2 great Christological controversies (Nestorianism and Eutychianism).
Born 10 April 401 AD, Flavius Theodosius Iunior Augustus was the only son of Emperor Arcadius and his Frankish-born wife Aelia Eudoxia. Less than a year later, in January AD 402, young Theodosius was proclaimed co-Augustus by his father.
The junior Theodosius thus became the youngest person ever to bear this title in Roman history. When his father died in AD 408, the 7-year-old boy became Emperor of the Eastern half of the Roman Empire (talk about having the weight of the world on your shoulders).
The boy ruler was at first counseled by the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius in his handling of government affairs. It was under whose supervision of Anthemius that the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople were constructed.
In AD 414, Theodosius’ older sister Pulcheria was proclaimed Augusta and assumed the regency. By AD 416 Theodosius was declared Augustus in his own right and the regency ended, but his sister remained a strong influence on him.
In June 421, Theodosius married Aelia Eudocia, a woman of Greek origin. The pair had a daughter named Licinia Eudoxia.
Theodosius’ increasing interest in Christianity, fueled by his sister’s influence, led him to go to war against the Sassanids (AD 421–422), who were persecuting Christians. The war ended in a stalemate, when the Romans were forced to accept peace as the Huns menaced Constantinople.
The war with Persia proved indecisive, and a peace was arranged in AD 422 without changes to the status quo. The later wars of Theodosius were generally less successful.
The Eastern Empire was plagued by raids by the Huns. Early in Theodosius II’s reign Romans used internal Hun discord to overcome Uldin‘s invasion of the Balkans.
The Romans strengthened their fortifications and in AD 424 agreed to pay 350 pounds of gold to encourage the Huns to remain at peace with the Romans. In AD 433 with the rise of Attila and Bleda to unify the Huns, the payment was doubled to 700 pounds.
In 423 AD, the Western Emperor Honorius (and Theodosius’ uncle) died and the Primicerius Notariorum Joannes was proclaimed Emperor. Honorius’ sister Galla Placidia and her young son Valentinian fled to Constantinople to seek Eastern assistance.
After some deliberation, in AD 424 Theodosius declared war against Joannes. On 23 October 425, Valentinian III was installed as Emperor of the West with the assistance of the Magister Officiorum Helion, with his mother acting as regent. To strengthen the ties between the 2 parts of the Empire, Theodosius’ daughter Licinia Eudoxia was betrothed to Valentinian.
In AD 425, Theodosius founded the University of Constantinople with 31 chairs (15 in Latin and 16 in Greek). Among subjects were law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music and rhetoric.
Then, in AD 429, Theodosius appointed a commission to collect all of the laws since the reign of Constantine I, and create a fully formalized system of law. This plan was left unfinished, but the work of a 2nd commission that met in Constantinople, assigned to collect all of the general legislations and bring them up to date was completed.
Their collection published as the Codex Theodosianus in AD 438. The law code of Theodosius II, summarizing edicts promulgated since Constantine, formed a basis for the law code of Emperor Justinian I, the Corpus Juris Civilis, in the following century.
When Roman Africa fell to the Vandals in 439 AD, both Eastern and Western Emperors sent forces to Sicily. The intent was to launch an attack on the Vandals at Carthage, but this project failed.
Seeing the Imperial borders without significant forces, the Huns and Sassanid Persia both attacked and the expeditionary force had to be recalled. During AD 443 a pair of Roman armies were defeated and destroyed by the Huns.
Anatolius negotiated a peace agreement and the Huns withdrew in exchange for humiliating concessions, including an annual tribute of 2,100 Roman pounds of gold. In 447 AD, the Huns went through the Balkans, destroying among others the city of Serdica and reaching Athyra on the outskirts of Constantinople.
During a visit to Syria, Theodosius met the renowned preacher and monk Nestorius. He appointed Nestorius Archbishop of Constantinople in 428 AD.
Nestorius quickly became involved in the disputes of 2 theological factions, which differed in their Christology. Nestorius tried to find a middle ground between those who, emphasizing the fact that in Christ God had been born as a man, insisted on calling the Virgin Mary Theotokos (Birth-giver of God), and those who rejected that title because God, as an eternal being, could not have been born.
Nestorius suggested the title Christotokos (Birth-giver of Christ) as a compromise, but it did not find acceptance with either faction. He was accused of separating Christ’s divine and human natures, resulting in “Two Christs”, a heresy later called Nestorianism.
Though initially supported by the Emperor, Nestorius found a forceful opponent in Archbishop Cyril of Alexandria. At the request of Nestorius, the Emperor called a council, which convened in Ephesus in AD 431.
This council affirmed the title Theotokos and condemned Nestorius, who returned to his monastery in Syria. Almost 20 years later, the theological dispute broke out again, this time caused by the Constantinopolitan Abbot Eutyches, whose Christology was understood by some to mingle Christ’s divine and human nature into one.
Eutyches was condemned by Archbishop Flavian of Constantinople but found a powerful friend in Cyril’s successor Dioscurus of Alexandria. Another council was convoked in Ephesus in AD 449, later deemed a “robber synod” by Pope Leo I because of its tumultuous circumstances.
This council restored Eutyches and deposed Flavian, who was mistreated and died shortly afterwards. Leo of Rome and many other bishops protested against the outcome, but Emperor Theodosius supported it.
Theodosius died in 450 AD as the result of a riding accident. In the ensuing power struggle, his sister Pulcheria, who had recently returned to court, won out against the eunuch Chrysaphius. She married the general Marcian, thereby making him Emperor.
After Theodosius’ death in 450, the Council of Chalcedon reversed the decisions of AD 449. Christianity and Rome’s empire were both in for some changes.
Although accused of being hands-off leaving the running of the Imperium Rōmānum to officials and his sister, Theodosius was as competent a ruler as one could expect after having adult responsibility thrust upon him in boyhood."
Theodosius II, 408-450
Focused on the reign of Theodosius II with looking at the major persons, events, and accomplishments during the reign of Theodosius II.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=027APPho4ec
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Stephen C. Maj William W. "Bill" Price Capt Seid Waddell CW5 (Join to see) SMSgt Minister Gerald A. Thomas SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSgt (Join to see) SP5 Mark Kuzinski SGT John " Mac " McConnell SGT Robert George SP5 Robert Ruck SCPO Morris RamseyCPL Eric Escasio SPC (Join to see) SrA Christopher Wright SPC Margaret Higgins Kim Bolen RN CCM ACM SGT Gregory Lawritson ]
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