Posted on Nov 27, 2016
Army to study how physical conditioning affects soldiers' mental health
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A human performance program designed to help Green Berets straighten out their bodies after punishing deployments could have emotional and psychological benefits, too, according to researchers.
A team at Colorado State University has a grant to study whether the physical conditioning of the Human Performance Program, which is part of U.S. Special Operations Command's Preservation of the Force and Families initiative, can help soldiers psychologically, spiritually and socially.
"We’re going to look at the other domains to see how the physical side might influence those other domains, and, potentially, how those other domains might influence the physical part," team member Tracy Nelson, a health and exercise science professor, told Army Times in a phone interview.
Nelson and the rest of the team will work with the 10th Special Forces Group at nearby Fort Carson, building on past research they've done with Green Berets.
This time they'll study special operators who participate voluntarily in the human performance program, which includes a mix of strength and endurance exercises, as well as access to physical therapy and a nutritionist.
SOCOM created the Preservation of the Force and Families Task Force about three years ago in a bid to take care of and preserve a force that has shouldered a relentless operational tempo since the beginning of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The troops - including Army Rangers, Special Forces and aviators, Navy SEALs, Air Force pararescuemen and combat controllers, and Marine special operators - have been in high demand for more than 15 years, and the demand for their highly specialized and sought-after skills isn't expected to dissipate any time soon.
Part of the task force's work has been to invest in the human performance program, hiring strength coaches, physical therapists, performance dietitians and other experts to work with special operations troops in an effort to help them better weather the rigorous physical strain and activity they encounter every day on the job.
Building on SOCOM's research into how the program affects soldiers physically, the Colorado State study will use both biometric and survey data to assess whether soldiers hitting the specialized gym several times a week see improvements in their mental health and personal lives.
"An extensive battery of questionnaire assessments" will gauge soldiers' psychological and spiritual health as well as family, romantic and social relationships, said team member Lise Youngblade, a human development and family studies professor.
The team will also record body composition, strength, agility, mobility and take blood samples from the soldiers, to look for biomarkers that can affect mental health.
"Of particular interest is Vitamin D, because we know that influences mental health but also influences physical health, and that can be influenced by travel, work schedule, exposure to the sun," Nelson said.
Checking up
About 250 soldiers will participate in the study, going through the assessments over a three-year period.
"Ideally we would get them before they deployed, right after they deployed, and soon after that," Nelson said. "Ideally we’d have three measures. And maybe, more ideally, I think two-a-year for three years is what we’re hoping for."
Because the program is voluntary, there's a wide range of users to compare, based on whether they go four days a week, once a week or less.
"If we could actually capture what happens when they’re home, right away, and then when they’re part of the program again – our hypothesis about this is that guys who participate will rehab better after deployment than guys who don’t, and they’ll be able to be deployed again potentially sooner and they’ll be on top of their game if they’re part of the program," Nelson said.
If they're right, the research could give the military a reason to expand specialized strength and conditioning programs outside of special operations, she added.
A team at Colorado State University has a grant to study whether the physical conditioning of the Human Performance Program, which is part of U.S. Special Operations Command's Preservation of the Force and Families initiative, can help soldiers psychologically, spiritually and socially.
"We’re going to look at the other domains to see how the physical side might influence those other domains, and, potentially, how those other domains might influence the physical part," team member Tracy Nelson, a health and exercise science professor, told Army Times in a phone interview.
Nelson and the rest of the team will work with the 10th Special Forces Group at nearby Fort Carson, building on past research they've done with Green Berets.
This time they'll study special operators who participate voluntarily in the human performance program, which includes a mix of strength and endurance exercises, as well as access to physical therapy and a nutritionist.
SOCOM created the Preservation of the Force and Families Task Force about three years ago in a bid to take care of and preserve a force that has shouldered a relentless operational tempo since the beginning of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. The troops - including Army Rangers, Special Forces and aviators, Navy SEALs, Air Force pararescuemen and combat controllers, and Marine special operators - have been in high demand for more than 15 years, and the demand for their highly specialized and sought-after skills isn't expected to dissipate any time soon.
Part of the task force's work has been to invest in the human performance program, hiring strength coaches, physical therapists, performance dietitians and other experts to work with special operations troops in an effort to help them better weather the rigorous physical strain and activity they encounter every day on the job.
Building on SOCOM's research into how the program affects soldiers physically, the Colorado State study will use both biometric and survey data to assess whether soldiers hitting the specialized gym several times a week see improvements in their mental health and personal lives.
"An extensive battery of questionnaire assessments" will gauge soldiers' psychological and spiritual health as well as family, romantic and social relationships, said team member Lise Youngblade, a human development and family studies professor.
The team will also record body composition, strength, agility, mobility and take blood samples from the soldiers, to look for biomarkers that can affect mental health.
"Of particular interest is Vitamin D, because we know that influences mental health but also influences physical health, and that can be influenced by travel, work schedule, exposure to the sun," Nelson said.
Checking up
About 250 soldiers will participate in the study, going through the assessments over a three-year period.
"Ideally we would get them before they deployed, right after they deployed, and soon after that," Nelson said. "Ideally we’d have three measures. And maybe, more ideally, I think two-a-year for three years is what we’re hoping for."
Because the program is voluntary, there's a wide range of users to compare, based on whether they go four days a week, once a week or less.
"If we could actually capture what happens when they’re home, right away, and then when they’re part of the program again – our hypothesis about this is that guys who participate will rehab better after deployment than guys who don’t, and they’ll be able to be deployed again potentially sooner and they’ll be on top of their game if they’re part of the program," Nelson said.
If they're right, the research could give the military a reason to expand specialized strength and conditioning programs outside of special operations, she added.
Army to study how physical conditioning affects soldiers' mental health
Posted from armytimes.comPosted in these groups: 
Mental Health
Soldiers
Mental Health Soldiers
Posted 8 y ago
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The Army has studied how physical conditioning affects soldiers' mental health many times over the centuries SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL.
Of course there is a causal link between a soldier's stamina and his/her mental health. The better the physical conditioning the better a soldier performs under physical stress which affects mental health as well.
Below is a study abstract on the same subject for the war after Yugoslavia broke up.
"Relationship between soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
By AM Pensgaard , DG Barlaug and SM Dyrstad In Original Research & Articles Issue Volume 18 No. 2.Soldiers Service; Abstract
Conclusion: Mental strength seems to be related to physical training, and should be investigated further within a military context. It would be interesting to examine different methods of enhancing mental strength, including physical training and more traditional mental training methods used in elite-level sports. Overall, the results also illustrate the complex nature of a military service performance during a 12-month peacekeeping mission. Further investigation in this area is needed to improve the understanding of factors affecting service performance. Such an understanding could improve selection of soldiers for missions and facilitate individualized training of soldiers.
Background: To be able to improve soldiers’ service performance it is essential to know what factors are an influence upon it. Purpose: To examine the relationship between soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume during an international peacekeeping mission.
Materials and Methods: Seventy-one male Norwegian infantry soldiers who had joined a 12-month mission in the Kosovo Force (KFOR) were included. Every soldier reported the daily physical training on a monthly report form, and the soldier’s service performance was evaluated by the closest superior officer. An explorative factor analysis confirmed a four-factor model based on data from previous KFOR soldiers (n=1461). The factors describing soldiers’ service performance were: I) professional skills, II) open mindedness, III) mental strength, IV) sociability. The internal reliability was adequate.
Results: Physical training volume positively predicted the soldiers’ mental strength (R2= 0.08; P= 0.012). Soldiers with high mental strength had a 66% higher mean physical training volume than the soldiers with low mental strength (P<0.05). No relationship was found between the other aspects of soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
Conclusion: Soldiers’ physical training volume is associated with soldiers’ mental strength, a critically important aspect in stressful situations.
Introduction
Soldiers’ military service performance depends on many factors, which vary according to the mission. During some missions, a soldier’s service may be dominated by undemanding physical tasks like guard duty and office work. On the other hand, the average light infantry rifleman in the U.S army transports over 43 kg of critical combat equipment 1 indicating that, for these soldiers, good physical fitness is an essential factor affecting performance. Good physical fitness has been found to have both physiological and psychological benefits that may reduce stress, illness and injuries 2-5. Developing good physical fitness in soldiers may also improve morale in the unit, help build character, and improve soldiers’ perception of being prepared for the mission 6.
It is difficult to study human performance in complex environments such as wars or peacekeeping missions. The few papers that have been published have a “lesson learned” perspective where experience about altitude training, injury treatment, equipment and physical capacity is discussed 7-9. When studying performance of elite athletes, a multitude of different disciplinary approaches including behavioural, physiological, biomechanical and psychological have been employed. Psychological approaches vary from more phenomenological approaches 10 to traditional trait approaches 11. Such studies are seldom available in the military sciences.
One way to evaluate military service performance could be to study different factors that are perceived to be relevant by officers and military personnel with adequate experience. In the present study four aspects of soldiers’ service performance, defined as professional skills, open mindedness, mental strength and sociability were evaluated with respect to the soldiers’ physical training volume during an international peacekeeping mission in order to reveal possible relationships.
Methods Seventy-one male Norwegian infantry soldiers, aged 20.5±1.8 years, who served in the same unit during a 12-month mission in the Kosovo Force (KFOR) participated in the study. The soldiers were volunteers for Kosovo, and had the same training background, rank and experience as a soldier. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from the soldiers.
Every soldier reported his daily physical training on a monthly report form for nine months. The monthly response rate was 85 ± 8%. Training volume, frequency and type of activity were reported for all obligatory and voluntary physical training in sweatsuits. Registration of training volume started 45 days after arrival in Kosovo and ended 3 weeks prior to demobilization. Physical training volume is reported in hours per week.
Each soldier’s service performance was evaluated at the end of the Kosovo mission by his closest superior officer. Each officer evaluated 7-8 soldiers whom he/she knew well. In fact, in most cases the officer and soldiers had been working together for almost two years. Evaluation was based on a 20-item questionnaire. Two of the questionnaire items were excluded due to lack of relevance for the factorial analysis, leaving 18 items to be used for the analysis. The questionnaire consisted of statements about different aspects of the soldiers’ capabilities. The truth of the statements was rated using a 7-point scale (1 = low degree of truth; 7 = high degree of truth), and a higher composite subscale reflected higher levels of the capabilities being measured. The items in the questionnaire were developed in two main versions. The first version was originally developed for the evaluation of the introduction of a personality test 12.Finally, the questionnaire was re-evaluated by the expert officer and then used for the evaluation of the service performances of military personnel at the NORBAT (Lebanon) and SFOR (Bosnia) missions. The evaluation had a longitudinal design, with the same measurements being repeated three times. The second version of the questionnaire was used during the KFOR (Kosovo) mission. The second version is an improved and expanded version of the original, integrating experiences from the SFOR mission and military operational knowledge by officers serving under this mission. This study analyses data collected with the second version of the questionnaire.An explorative factor analysis, principal component analysis with varimax rotation, was applied and confirmed a four-factor model that accounted for 63% of the total variance. The four-factor model was created from a larger sample of previous KFOR soldiers (n = 1461). The factors were labelled: I) professional skills (five questionnaire items), II) open mindedness/flexibility (four items), III) mental strength (three items), and IV) sociability and ability to relate to people (four items).A linear regression analysis was used to examine whether physical training volume predicted any of the four factors describing service performance.
After it was found that physical training volume positively predicted mental strength, a post hoc analysis was conducted to determine the difference in training volume between a high mental strength group and a low mental strength group. The two groups were defined by an extreme median split, ± 0.25 ∙ standard deviation13, and only data from soldiers who had reported their training volume throughout the service were included. The difference in the groups’ physical training volume was determined by an independent sample T-test.
Results
Table 1 shows the factor loadings for each item included in the four factors describing the soldiers’ service performance, and the Chronbach’s alphas. The overall score for soldiers’ service performance was quite high. Weekly physical training volume was two hours (Table 2) and primarily consisted of voluntary strength training (73%) and endurance training (27%). The correlation matrix of the four factors of service performance showed that only mental strength was positively correlated to physical training volume (Table 3). Regression analysis showed that physical training volume positively predicted the soldiers’ mental strength (B = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.035 – 0.373; R2 = 0.084; P = 0.019). No other significant results were found between the other factors of soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
The post hoc analysis conducted to determine the difference in training volume between the high mental strength group and low mental strength group showed that the high mental strength group had a higher physical training volume throughout the international military service (Table 4).
Discussion
In this study we wanted to examine whether soldiers’ physical training volume during a 12-month peacekeeping mission was related to their military service performance defined as professional skills, open mindedness, mental strength, and sociability/ability to relate to people. The overall finding of this study is that soldiers’ mental strength is positively related to their physical training volume, and that soldiers with reported high mental strength have a much higher training volume than soldiers with low mental strength. One limitation in the study design is that the soldiers’ service performance is derived from both the objective and subjective opinion of their closest superior officer.
Clough and Earle (2002) studied mental toughness, a concept thoroughly debated in the sport sciences and related to mental strength14. They reported that more mentally tough individuals could cope more easily with physical and mental demands. This finding suggests the possibility that soldiers’ performance might improve if mental strength is increased. The relationship between physical training and mental strength found in the present study indicates that physical training could improve soldiers’ mental strength, as mean training volume in the high mental strength group was significantly higher (66%) than in the low mental strength group. Although we cannot claim a causal relationship due to the correlational design of this study, it is plausible that a reciprocal relationship exists between physical training volume and mental strength. That is, that physical training increases mental strength, and/or that mentally strong individuals are able to value the benefits of staying fit and therefore prioritise physical exercise, even under difficult conditions.
From a practical point of view these results indicate that officers should be especially aware of soldiers with reported lower mental strength and their physical training during a military peacekeeping mission. Soldiers in this group will probably need more organised and individualised physical training.
The soldiers in the present study were involved in a peacekeeping mission with periods that varied from very tense in unstable areas to calm with ample training opportunity. This is reflected in the variation of the training volume (Table 4). Since several studies have shown that soldiers’ physical training volume decreases after basic training 15,16 it seems reasonable to recommend that the military emphasise the importance of continuous physical training, even during military missions.
Research has shown that soldiers returning from deployment are likely to have increased emotional problems and somatic complaints, and increased use of mental health services17. Sareen et al. (2008) found that most mental health problems among Canadian soldiers deployed on missions were attributable to a wide range of common civilian putative risk factors rather than combat17. Since a growing body of knowledge shows that physical training reduces both illness and stress14, physical training could also be effective for deployed soldiers. Therefore, physical training during a 12-month mission could enhance the soldiers’ physical and mental condition and possibly prevent the emotional and somatic problems some of the soldiers experience after the mission. If physical training can be conducted in such a way that it triggers all aspects of mental strength, the increased value of the physical training to the military would be multidimensional.
http://jmvh.org/article/relationship-between-soldiers-service-performance-and-physical-training-volume/
COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Stephen C. Capt Seid Waddell CW5 (Join to see) CW5 Charlie Poulton SGM David W. Carr LOM, DMSM MP SGT SFC William Farrell SSgt Robert Marx SSG James J. Palmer IV aka "JP4" SSgt (Join to see) TSgt Joe C. SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski SGT Forrest Stewart SGT Robert Hawks SPC (Join to see) SrA Christopher Wright
Of course there is a causal link between a soldier's stamina and his/her mental health. The better the physical conditioning the better a soldier performs under physical stress which affects mental health as well.
Below is a study abstract on the same subject for the war after Yugoslavia broke up.
"Relationship between soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
By AM Pensgaard , DG Barlaug and SM Dyrstad In Original Research & Articles Issue Volume 18 No. 2.Soldiers Service; Abstract
Conclusion: Mental strength seems to be related to physical training, and should be investigated further within a military context. It would be interesting to examine different methods of enhancing mental strength, including physical training and more traditional mental training methods used in elite-level sports. Overall, the results also illustrate the complex nature of a military service performance during a 12-month peacekeeping mission. Further investigation in this area is needed to improve the understanding of factors affecting service performance. Such an understanding could improve selection of soldiers for missions and facilitate individualized training of soldiers.
Background: To be able to improve soldiers’ service performance it is essential to know what factors are an influence upon it. Purpose: To examine the relationship between soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume during an international peacekeeping mission.
Materials and Methods: Seventy-one male Norwegian infantry soldiers who had joined a 12-month mission in the Kosovo Force (KFOR) were included. Every soldier reported the daily physical training on a monthly report form, and the soldier’s service performance was evaluated by the closest superior officer. An explorative factor analysis confirmed a four-factor model based on data from previous KFOR soldiers (n=1461). The factors describing soldiers’ service performance were: I) professional skills, II) open mindedness, III) mental strength, IV) sociability. The internal reliability was adequate.
Results: Physical training volume positively predicted the soldiers’ mental strength (R2= 0.08; P= 0.012). Soldiers with high mental strength had a 66% higher mean physical training volume than the soldiers with low mental strength (P<0.05). No relationship was found between the other aspects of soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
Conclusion: Soldiers’ physical training volume is associated with soldiers’ mental strength, a critically important aspect in stressful situations.
Introduction
Soldiers’ military service performance depends on many factors, which vary according to the mission. During some missions, a soldier’s service may be dominated by undemanding physical tasks like guard duty and office work. On the other hand, the average light infantry rifleman in the U.S army transports over 43 kg of critical combat equipment 1 indicating that, for these soldiers, good physical fitness is an essential factor affecting performance. Good physical fitness has been found to have both physiological and psychological benefits that may reduce stress, illness and injuries 2-5. Developing good physical fitness in soldiers may also improve morale in the unit, help build character, and improve soldiers’ perception of being prepared for the mission 6.
It is difficult to study human performance in complex environments such as wars or peacekeeping missions. The few papers that have been published have a “lesson learned” perspective where experience about altitude training, injury treatment, equipment and physical capacity is discussed 7-9. When studying performance of elite athletes, a multitude of different disciplinary approaches including behavioural, physiological, biomechanical and psychological have been employed. Psychological approaches vary from more phenomenological approaches 10 to traditional trait approaches 11. Such studies are seldom available in the military sciences.
One way to evaluate military service performance could be to study different factors that are perceived to be relevant by officers and military personnel with adequate experience. In the present study four aspects of soldiers’ service performance, defined as professional skills, open mindedness, mental strength and sociability were evaluated with respect to the soldiers’ physical training volume during an international peacekeeping mission in order to reveal possible relationships.
Methods Seventy-one male Norwegian infantry soldiers, aged 20.5±1.8 years, who served in the same unit during a 12-month mission in the Kosovo Force (KFOR) participated in the study. The soldiers were volunteers for Kosovo, and had the same training background, rank and experience as a soldier. The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from the soldiers.
Every soldier reported his daily physical training on a monthly report form for nine months. The monthly response rate was 85 ± 8%. Training volume, frequency and type of activity were reported for all obligatory and voluntary physical training in sweatsuits. Registration of training volume started 45 days after arrival in Kosovo and ended 3 weeks prior to demobilization. Physical training volume is reported in hours per week.
Each soldier’s service performance was evaluated at the end of the Kosovo mission by his closest superior officer. Each officer evaluated 7-8 soldiers whom he/she knew well. In fact, in most cases the officer and soldiers had been working together for almost two years. Evaluation was based on a 20-item questionnaire. Two of the questionnaire items were excluded due to lack of relevance for the factorial analysis, leaving 18 items to be used for the analysis. The questionnaire consisted of statements about different aspects of the soldiers’ capabilities. The truth of the statements was rated using a 7-point scale (1 = low degree of truth; 7 = high degree of truth), and a higher composite subscale reflected higher levels of the capabilities being measured. The items in the questionnaire were developed in two main versions. The first version was originally developed for the evaluation of the introduction of a personality test 12.Finally, the questionnaire was re-evaluated by the expert officer and then used for the evaluation of the service performances of military personnel at the NORBAT (Lebanon) and SFOR (Bosnia) missions. The evaluation had a longitudinal design, with the same measurements being repeated three times. The second version of the questionnaire was used during the KFOR (Kosovo) mission. The second version is an improved and expanded version of the original, integrating experiences from the SFOR mission and military operational knowledge by officers serving under this mission. This study analyses data collected with the second version of the questionnaire.An explorative factor analysis, principal component analysis with varimax rotation, was applied and confirmed a four-factor model that accounted for 63% of the total variance. The four-factor model was created from a larger sample of previous KFOR soldiers (n = 1461). The factors were labelled: I) professional skills (five questionnaire items), II) open mindedness/flexibility (four items), III) mental strength (three items), and IV) sociability and ability to relate to people (four items).A linear regression analysis was used to examine whether physical training volume predicted any of the four factors describing service performance.
After it was found that physical training volume positively predicted mental strength, a post hoc analysis was conducted to determine the difference in training volume between a high mental strength group and a low mental strength group. The two groups were defined by an extreme median split, ± 0.25 ∙ standard deviation13, and only data from soldiers who had reported their training volume throughout the service were included. The difference in the groups’ physical training volume was determined by an independent sample T-test.
Results
Table 1 shows the factor loadings for each item included in the four factors describing the soldiers’ service performance, and the Chronbach’s alphas. The overall score for soldiers’ service performance was quite high. Weekly physical training volume was two hours (Table 2) and primarily consisted of voluntary strength training (73%) and endurance training (27%). The correlation matrix of the four factors of service performance showed that only mental strength was positively correlated to physical training volume (Table 3). Regression analysis showed that physical training volume positively predicted the soldiers’ mental strength (B = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.035 – 0.373; R2 = 0.084; P = 0.019). No other significant results were found between the other factors of soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume.
The post hoc analysis conducted to determine the difference in training volume between the high mental strength group and low mental strength group showed that the high mental strength group had a higher physical training volume throughout the international military service (Table 4).
Discussion
In this study we wanted to examine whether soldiers’ physical training volume during a 12-month peacekeeping mission was related to their military service performance defined as professional skills, open mindedness, mental strength, and sociability/ability to relate to people. The overall finding of this study is that soldiers’ mental strength is positively related to their physical training volume, and that soldiers with reported high mental strength have a much higher training volume than soldiers with low mental strength. One limitation in the study design is that the soldiers’ service performance is derived from both the objective and subjective opinion of their closest superior officer.
Clough and Earle (2002) studied mental toughness, a concept thoroughly debated in the sport sciences and related to mental strength14. They reported that more mentally tough individuals could cope more easily with physical and mental demands. This finding suggests the possibility that soldiers’ performance might improve if mental strength is increased. The relationship between physical training and mental strength found in the present study indicates that physical training could improve soldiers’ mental strength, as mean training volume in the high mental strength group was significantly higher (66%) than in the low mental strength group. Although we cannot claim a causal relationship due to the correlational design of this study, it is plausible that a reciprocal relationship exists between physical training volume and mental strength. That is, that physical training increases mental strength, and/or that mentally strong individuals are able to value the benefits of staying fit and therefore prioritise physical exercise, even under difficult conditions.
From a practical point of view these results indicate that officers should be especially aware of soldiers with reported lower mental strength and their physical training during a military peacekeeping mission. Soldiers in this group will probably need more organised and individualised physical training.
The soldiers in the present study were involved in a peacekeeping mission with periods that varied from very tense in unstable areas to calm with ample training opportunity. This is reflected in the variation of the training volume (Table 4). Since several studies have shown that soldiers’ physical training volume decreases after basic training 15,16 it seems reasonable to recommend that the military emphasise the importance of continuous physical training, even during military missions.
Research has shown that soldiers returning from deployment are likely to have increased emotional problems and somatic complaints, and increased use of mental health services17. Sareen et al. (2008) found that most mental health problems among Canadian soldiers deployed on missions were attributable to a wide range of common civilian putative risk factors rather than combat17. Since a growing body of knowledge shows that physical training reduces both illness and stress14, physical training could also be effective for deployed soldiers. Therefore, physical training during a 12-month mission could enhance the soldiers’ physical and mental condition and possibly prevent the emotional and somatic problems some of the soldiers experience after the mission. If physical training can be conducted in such a way that it triggers all aspects of mental strength, the increased value of the physical training to the military would be multidimensional.
http://jmvh.org/article/relationship-between-soldiers-service-performance-and-physical-training-volume/
COL Mikel J. Burroughs LTC Stephen C. Capt Seid Waddell CW5 (Join to see) CW5 Charlie Poulton SGM David W. Carr LOM, DMSM MP SGT SFC William Farrell SSgt Robert Marx SSG James J. Palmer IV aka "JP4" SSgt (Join to see) TSgt Joe C. SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski SGT Forrest Stewart SGT Robert Hawks SPC (Join to see) SrA Christopher Wright
Relationship between soldiers’ service performance and physical training volume
After it was found that physical training volume positively predicted mental strength, a post hoc analysis was conducted to determine the difference in training volume between a high mental strength group and a low mental strength group. The two groups were defined by an extreme median split, 0.25 standard deviation13, and only data from soldiers who had reported their training volume throughout the service were included. The difference in...
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SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL Just going to put this out there- I run...a lot. When I don't get my few miles a day in my stress level as well as the logical sequence of events that happen in my brain seem to slow. Useless study but interested in the results.
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