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LTC Stephen F.
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Thank you, my friend SGT (Join to see) for making us aware that on January 27, 1302, Dante Alighieri became a Florentine political exile.

Dante Alighieri - His Life, Exile, and Legacy
"The video begins by describing the conditions that led to Dante Alighieri's exile. It will continue with a discussion of his early life, his political involvement, and his exile. It will finish with Dante's legacy today.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9cxc25Lpr-8

Images:
1. 1300's Dante Alighieri deep in thought
2. 1200's painting Dante Alighieri with book in hand
3. 1300's Dante Alighieri (1265-1321).
4. Dante Alighieri exiled from Florence

Biographies
1. poets.org/poet/dante-alighier
2. plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/

1. Background from [https://poets.org/poet/dante-alighieri]
"Dante Alighieri
1265–1321
The author of La Commedia (The Divine Comedy), considered a masterwork of world literature, Dante Alighieri was born Durante Alighieri in Florence, Italy, in 1265, to a notable family of modest means. His mother died when he was seven years old, and his father remarried, having two more children.
At twelve years old, Dante was betrothed to Gemma di Manetto Donati, though he had already fallen in love with another girl, Beatrice Portinari, who he continued to write about throughout his life, though his interaction with her was limited. The love poems to Beatrice are collected in Dante's La Vita Nuova, or The New Life.
In his youth, Dante studied many subjects, including Tuscan poetry, painting, and music. He encountered both the Occitan poetry of the troubadours and the Latin poetry of classical antiquity, including Homer and Virgil. He read Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae and Cicero's De amicitia. By the age of eighteen, Dante had met the poets Guido Cavalcanti, Lapo Gianni, Cino da Pistoia, and others. Along with Brunetto Latini, these poets became the leaders of Dolce Stil Novo ("The Sweet New Style"), in which personal and political passions were the purpose of poetry.
He later turned his attention to philosophy, which the character of Beatrice criticizes in Purgatorio. He also became a pharmacist, and in his twenties and thirties took an active part in local public affairs.
Like most Florentines during his lifetime, Dante was affected by the Guelph-Ghibelline conflict, a political division of loyalty between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Papacy. On June 11, 1289, he fought in the ranks at the battle of Campaldino on the side of the Guelphs, helping to bring forth a reformation of the Florentine constitution.
After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs themselves divided into two factions: the White Guelphs, Dante's party, who were wary of the Pope's political influence; and the Black Guelphs, who remained loyal to Rome. Initially the Whites were in power and kicked the Blacks out of Florence, but Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of the city. A delegation of Florentines, with Dante among them, was sent to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions.
While he was in Rome, the Black Guelphs destroyed much of the city, and established a new government. Dante received word that his assets had been seized and that he was considered an absconder, having left the city. Condemned to perpetual exile, Dante never returned to his beloved Florence. An outcast, Dante wandered Italy for several years, beginning to outline La Commedia, his great work.
In 1315, the military officer controlling Florence granted an amnesty to Florentines in exile, but the government of the city insisted that returning expatriots were required to pay a large fine and do public penance. Dante refused, preferring to remain in exile. Six years later, Dante died on September 13, 1321 in Ravenna, Italy, most likely of malarial fever.
Unlike the epic poems of Homer and Virgil, which told the great stories of their people's history, Dante's The Divine Comedy is a somewhat autobiographical work, set at the time in which he lived and peopled with contemporary figures. It follow's Dante's own allegorical journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso). Guided at first by the character of Virgil, and later by his beloved Beatrice, Dante wrote of his own path to salvation, offering philosophical and moral judgments along the way.
Dante is credited with inventing terza rima, composed of tercets woven into a linked rhyme scheme, and chose to end each canto of the The Divine Comedy with a single line that completes the rhyme scheme with the end-word of the second line of the preceding tercet. The tripartite stanza likely symbolizes the Holy Trinity, and early enthusiasts of terza rima, including Italian poets Boccaccio and Petrarch, were particularly interested in the unifying effects of the form.
Also unlike the epic works that came before, The Divine Comedy was written in the vernacular Italian, instead of the more acceptable Latin or Greek. This allowed the work to be published to a much broader audience, contributing substantially to world literacy. Due to the monumental influence the work has had on countless artists, Dante is considered among the greatest writers to have lived. As the poet T. S. Eliot wrote, "Dante and Shakespeare divide the world between them, there is no third."

2. Background from [https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/dante-alighieri]
"Italian poet and scholar Dante Alighieri is best known for his masterpiece La Commedia (known in English as The Divine Comedy), which is universally considered one of world literature’s greatest poems. Divided into three sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—The Divine Comedy presents an encyclopedic overview of the mores, attitudes, beliefs, philosophies, aspirations, and material aspects of the medieval world.

Born in Florence, Italy around 1265, Dante was the son of Alighiero di Bellincione Alighieri and Bella di Abati, and he grew up among Florentine aristocracy. Scholars surmise that he received formal instruction in grammar, language, and philosophy at one of the Franciscan schools in the city. At the age of nine he purportedly, briefly glimpsed the eight-year-old Beatrice Portinari and, struck by her beauty, fell in love. Dante said that when Beatrice greeted him in passing nine years later, his love was confirmed. During his teens, Dante demonstrated a keen interest in literature; he undertook an apprenticeship with Brunetto Latini, a celebrated poet and prose writer of vernacular Italian, and befriended the poet Guido Cavalcanti. As arranged by his parents, both of whom died during his childhood, Dante wed Gemma di Manetto Donati around 1285; the couple is known to have had at least three children. In 1287, Dante enrolled in the University of Bologna, but by 1289 he enlisted in the Florentine army and took part in the Battle of Campaldino. Beatrice, with whom Dante remained in love, died in 1290. Stricken with grief, he committed himself to the study of philosophical works of Boethius, Cicero, and Aristotle, and earnestly wrote poetry, establishing his own poetic voice in innovative canzoni, or lyrical poems.

Written between 1292 and 1294 in commemoration of Beatrice’s death, Vita Nuova (The New Life) reflects Dante’s first effort to depict her as an abstract model of love and beauty. In this collection of early canzoni, Dante uses a refreshing and innovative approach in love poetry, dulce stil nuovo (sweet new style), which equates the love experience with a divine and mystical spiritual revelation. Vita Nuova ends with Dante’s promise to write “what has never before been written of any woman.” Criticism of Vita Nuova has been almost invariably positive, although an occasional scholar has taken exception to its sensibility, finding in it an overwrought imagination and sensitivity. The story of Dante’s love for Beatrice is often taken as allegory, particularly by critics reading the book in the light of his later works.

Around 1300, Dante became increasingly active in perilous Florentine politics and aligned himself with the White Guelphs, a rival faction to the Papacy. He entered the guild of apothecaries, affording him political opportunities normally offered to philosophers. When the Black Guelphs, supported by Papal forces, staged a coup in 1301, prominent White Guelphs, including Dante, were stripped of their possessions and banished from the city. Never to return to Florence, Dante completed the Commedia, and other works including De Vulgari Eloquentia, Convivio, and De Monarchia while in exile. Convivio (The Banquet), like Vita Nuova, is a collection of canzoni that further develops the poet’s use of the stil nuovo; accompanied by extensive prose commentary, Convivio explores ethics, politics, and metaphysics. An unfinished Latin tract, De Vulgari Eloquentia (Eloquence in the Vernacular Tongue), is a theoretical discussion of the origin of Italian dialects and literary language and examines how they relate to the composition of vernacular poetry. De Monorchia (On Monarchy), a Latin treatise, presents Dante’s Christian political philosophy.

His most famous work, The Divine Comedy, is as rich in science, astronomy, and philosophy, and as it is rooted in 14th-century Catholicism and Italian politics. The epic describes Dante’s imagined journey through Hell and Purgatory to Heaven. Inferno, the most popular and widely studied section of The Divine Comedy, recounts Dante’s travels through the different regions of Hell, led by his mentor and protector, the Roman poet Virgil. In his translation of Inferno, Mark Musa writes, “Dante invites us to read his poem as he expects us to read the Bible, that is, to believe in the historical truth of the literal level. And this extends to the figural symbolism of the main characters in the allegory of the poem. We are not dealing with consistent or typical allegory ... his is much more sophisticated.” Constructed as a huge funnel with nine descending circular ledges, Dante’s Hell features a vast, meticulously organized torture chamber in which sinners, carefully classified according to the nature of their sins, suffer hideous punishment, often depicted with ghoulish attention to detail. Sinners who recognize and repudiate their sins are given the opportunity to attain Paradise through the arduous process of purification, which continues in Purgatorio. A shift from human reason to divine revelation takes place in Purgatory, a place where penitents awaiting the final journey to Paradise continually reaffirm their faith and atone for the sins they committed on earth. A mood of brotherly love, modesty, and longing for God prevails in Purgatory. Although in Hell, Virgil—a symbol of human reason—helps Dante understand sin, in Purgatory the poet needs a more powerful guide who represents faith: Beatrice. Finally, Paradiso manifests the process of spiritual regeneration and purification required to meet God, who rewards the poet with perfect knowledge.

Near the end of his life, Dante settled in Ravenna, Italy under the patronage of Guido da Polenta, where he died September 13 or 14, 1321. Although The Divine Comedy caused an immediate sensation during his life, Dante’s fame waned during the Italian Renaissance and was later revived in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many scholars have examined the structural unity of the poem, discussing the relationship between medieval symbolism and allegory within the poem’s three sections and exploring Dante’s narrative strategy. Others have marveled at the seemingly inexhaustible formal and semantic richness of Dante’s text. With its various enigmatic layers of philological and philosophical complexities, The Divine Comedy has received scrutiny by critics, literary theorists, linguists, and philosophers, who have cherished the immortal work precisely because it translates the harsh truth about the human condition into a poetics of timeless beauty.

Poetry
Vita Nuova [New Life], c. 1292.
Convivio [The Banquet], c. 1304.
Commedia [The Divine Comedy], c. 1307-21.

Prose
De Vulgari Eloquentia [Eloquence in the Vernacular Tongue], c. 1304.
De Monorchia [On the Monarchy], c. 1309.
Epistolae [Letters], c. 1313."

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LTC Stephen F.
LTC Stephen F.
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A Brief History of Dante Alighieri
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ti8YbrscO6U
Images'
1. Painting of Dante Alighieri by Attilio Roncaldier (1801-1884). Ravenna, Museo Dantesco
2. 'Dante in exile', by Annibale Gatti
3. Dante Alighieri the exile who leads us home

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SMSgt Lawrence McCarter SGT Gregory Lawritson SP5 Mark Kuzinski SGT (Join to see) CWO3 (Join to see) PO1 William "Chip" Nagel LTC (Join to see)SPC Margaret Higgins Cynthia Croft SSG Robert Mark Odom SPC Nancy GreeneSSG Franklin BriantJennifer Lee (Doerflinger) HillSP6 Stephen RogersonSSgt Corwin Whicker
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PO1 William "Chip" Nagel
PO1 William "Chip" Nagel
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SGT (Join to see) LTC Stephen F. Ah Yes, Dantes Inferno from the Divine Comedy that Forms the Modern Interpretation of Hell.
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SGT David A. 'Cowboy' Groth
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It's better to be exiled then to end up on the gibbet.
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PVT Mark Zehner
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Interesting man!
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