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Edwin Hubble, the Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law. Astronomers of the 20th Century.
Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as on...
Thank you, my friend Maj Marty Hogan for making us aware that November 20 is the anniversary of the birth of American astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble who "played a crucial role in establishing the fields of extragalactic astronomy and observational cosmology and is regarded as one of the most important astronomers of all time."
Rest in peace Edwin Powell Hubble.
Edwin Hubble, the Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law. Astronomers of the 20th Century.
"Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.
Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the Universe is expanding, a law of physics known as "Hubble's law"."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7knav5DvEL0
Images:
1. Edwin Powell Hubble at a desk in 1931
2. Edwin Powell Hubble's Tuning Fork Diagram.
3. Edwin Powell Hubble and his wife Grace Lillian Burke Hubble.
4. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990.
Biographies
1. his achievements summary asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.
2. his wife's biography sanmarinotribune.com/the-story-of-grace-lillian-burke-hubble/
Background from asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.html
"Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)
Edwin Hubble, for whom the Hubble Space Telescope is named, was one of the leading astronomers of the twentieth century. His discovery in the 1920s that countless galaxies exist beyond our own Milky Way galaxy revolutionized our understanding of the universe and our place within it.
Hubble, a tall and athletic man who excelled at sports and even coached high school basketball for a short while, started his professional science career during one of the most exciting eras of astronomy. It was 1919, just a few years after Albert Einstein published his theory of general relativity, and bold, new ideas about the universe were fermenting. Hubble was offered a staff position at the Mount Wilson Observatory, which housed the Edwin Hubble and Hooker Telescope newly commissioned 100-inch Hooker telescope, then the largest telescope in the world. Hubble, it seemed, had the universe placed in his lap.
Most astronomers of Hubble's day thought that all of the universe — the planets, the stars seen with the naked eye and with powerful telescopes, and fuzzy objects called nebulae — was contained within the Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy, it was thought, was synonymous with the universe.
In 1923 Hubble trained the Hooker telescope on a hazy patch of sky called the Andromeda Nebula. He found that it contained stars just like the ones in our galaxy, only dimmer. One star he saw was a Cepheid variable, a type small image of the Andromeda galaxy of star with a known, varying brightness that can be used to measure distances. From this Hubble deduced that the Andromeda Nebula was not a nearby star cluster but rather an entire other galaxy, now called the Andromeda galaxy.
In the following years he made similar discoveries with other nebulae. By the end of the 1920s, most astronomers were convinced that our Milky Way galaxy was but one of millions in the universe. This was a shift in thought as profound as understanding the world was round and that it revolved around the sun.
Hubble then went one step further. By the end of that decade he had discovered enough galaxies to compare to each other. He created a system for classifying galaxies into ellipticals, spirals and barred spirals — a system called the Hubble tuning fork diagram, used today in an evolved form.
But the most astonishing discovery Hubble made resulted from his study of the spectra of 46 galaxies, and in particular of the Doppler velocities of those galaxies relative to our own Milky Way galaxy. What Hubble found was that the farther apart galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away from each other. Based on this observation, Hubble concluded that the universe expands uniformly. Several scientists had also posed this theory based on Einstein’s General Relativity, but Hubble's data, published in 1929, helped convince the scientific community.
Hubble and his colleague at Mt. Wilson, Milton Humason (who started as a mule driver during the construction of the observatory, then janitor, then night assistant), estimated the expansion rate of the universe to be 500 kilometers per second per megaparsec. (A megaparsec, or a million parsecs, is a distance equal to about 3.26 million light-years; so a galaxy two megaparsecs away is receding from us twice as fast as a galaxy only one megaparsec away.) This estimate is called the Hubble Constant, and scientists have been fine-tuning it ever since.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990, one of its major goals being to pin down the Hubble Constant. In 2001, a team studying supernovae with Hubble, along with ground-based optical telescopes, established a rate of 72 ± 8 km/sec/Mpc. In 2006, a team studying the cosmic microwave background with NASA's WMAP satellite tweaked this measurement to 70 km/sec/Mpc. Hubble, the telescope, also helped discover that not only is the universe expanding, the expansion is accelerating. The mysterious force causing this acceleration is dubbed dark energy.
Hubble was born on November 20, 1889, in Marshfield, Missouri, and moved to Wheaton, Illinois, before his first birthday. He studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Chicago and earned a bachelor of science degree in 1910. He was one of the first Rhodes Scholars at Oxford University, where he studied law. After serving briefly in World War I, he returned to the University of Chicago and earned his doctorate degree in 1917. After a long career entirely at Mt. Wilson Observatory, he died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. As with the telescope that bears his name, Edwin Hubble transformed our understanding of the universe. His spirit of discovery lives on today in the Hubble Space Telescope.
2. Background from sanmarinotribune.com/the-story-of-grace-lillian-burke-hubble/
The Story of Grace Lillian Burke Hubble
Grace Hubble, a brilliant woman with a keen wit, led an extraordinary life at the center of Caltech’s intellectual community, with members of the British émigré community in Los Angeles and among Hollywood’s elite. As wife of famed astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble, Grace enjoyed access to the minds of many influential people. However, few people today know her story. As with many women of her generation, she existed behind the scenes, the proverbial woman behind the man.
Born in 1889 to John and Luella Burke in Walnut, Iowa, Grace was the eldest of two girls. In 1891 the family moved to California eventually settling in Los Angeles where John Burke, vice president of First National Bank, became a prominent member of the community. Living in Hancock Park, Grace and her sister attended the Marlborough School and in 1912 graduated Phi Beta Kappa in English from Stanford University. She was a serious student, but Grace also maintained an active social life. Stanford’s stables and open countryside fostered her love of horses and nature, something she would continue to enjoy during her married years.
Her first husband Earl Leib, a geologist for the Southern Pacific Company, died tragically in a mine accident in 1921. That same year Grace accompanied a friend to Mount Wilson Observatory where she met a young astronomer. On February 26, 1924, she married Edwin Hubble in a private ceremony at her home. The newlyweds enjoyed a week at the Burke’s Pebble Beach cottage and later honeymooned in Europe. While in England, they renewed friendships from Edwin’s years as a Rhodes scholar and Grace became an anglophile. From England they traveled to the continent for the grand tour and were especially taken with Italy. They returned with architectural ideas from the Ponte Vecchio in Florence and hired architect Joseph Kucera to incorporate them into a design for the home they eventually built in San Marino.
Grace thrived as hostess and Los Angeles tour guide for friends and colleagues, their Woodstock Road home an enclave for a select circle of academics, scientists, British émigrés and Hollywood celebrities. In 1931, Caltech President Robert Millikan asked Grace to be unofficial hostess to Albert Einstein on his first visit to Pasadena, driving him to meetings, assisting with personal needs and entertaining him in her home.
From his post at Mount Wilson’s 100-inch telescope, Hubble proved the universe is constantly expanding, the Big Bang theory. He became an instant celebrity. His fame attracted many Hollywood visitors to the Observatory. As Edwin manned the telescope, Grace communed with nature and in 1937 began a life-long friendship with Anita Loos, screenwriter and author of “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.” Loos opened the doors to the Hollywood set and introduced British writer Aldous and Maria Huxley to the Hubbles. Plagued with poor eyesight, Huxley relied on Grace to edit manuscripts and read to him. Her first project with him was “After Many a Summer Dies the Swan.” The friendship lasted through the mid-1950s. In the years after Edwin passed away, Maria Huxley died and Aldous pursued a new adventure with mind-altering drugs. This was more than Grace could accept and she and Aldous never spoke again.
Grace lived nearly 50 years in San Marino and wrote daily in journals and letters, gathering her observations, analysis and opinions of people, politics, nature and art. She wrote of the ordinary and extraordinary, the ridiculous and sublime. She wrote of evenings with celebrities like Charlie Chaplin, sitting with Frank Capra at the Academy Awards program and her place beside William Randolph Hearst dining at the Hearst Castle. She helped Edwin prepare speeches encouraging FDR to enter the World War II, wrote of days with San Marino ladies packaging supplies for English friends during the blitzkrieg and of evenings watching the San Gabriel Valley darken to the sound of air raid sirens.
On vacations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains or fishing and horseback riding in Colorado, her journals became a master’s canvas as Grace painted pictures with words reflecting her education and intelligence. Cross-country train trips to scientific conferences are laid out in careful detail. Never timid, Grace stepped in to do a quick revision of content and grammar in 1940 when a radio scriptwriter failed to produce an acceptable copy on historical scientific personalities for Edwin. According to Edwin, Grace was his first line of defense. Her journals and correspondence define her 29 years of marriage to Edwin.
The Huntington Library was a special place for them, their choice for Sunday walks with friends and neighbors, especially Homer and Ida Crotty. In 1938, Edwin succeeded George Ellery Hale on The Huntington’s Board of Trustees, a position he maintained with pride until his death. Edwin and Grace enjoyed the friendship of many staff members including Max Farrand, The Huntington’s first director of research. During the war years, in Edwin’s absence, Grace obtained a reader’s card and found solace in the library stacks. After Edwin’s death, she returned to The Huntington’s collections and read literature widely—history, science and travel books. She also walked in the gardens and admired the art.
Grace remained in their Woodstock Road home for 20 years following Edwin’s death but no longer wrote in her journal. Sadly she destroyed much of their personal correspondence, however, she took great care preserving Edwin’s scientific papers and the many priceless books in their home library. She committed herself to preserving his legacy, donating his papers and her journals to establish the “Edwin Powell Hubble Papers” at The Huntington Library. She entertained and corresponded with friends from England and colleagues of Edwin. When she could read no longer Ida Crotty read to her, her desire for intellectual stimulation remained strong. Grace Hubble’s death certificate in 1981 listed her occupation as housewife; her obituary called her a writer. This writer and loving companion crafted a legacy to Edwin Hubble and in those pages and between the lines left her legacy as well."
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs Lt Col John (Jack) Christensen LTC Greg Henning LTC Jeff Shearer Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price CPT Scott Sharon CWO3 Dennis M. SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSG William Jones SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski PO1 H Gene Lawrence PO2 Kevin Parker PO3 Bob McCord SPC Matthew LambSSG Robert "Rob" WentworthPV2 Brian Hatcher
Rest in peace Edwin Powell Hubble.
Edwin Hubble, the Expanding Universe, Hubble's Law. Astronomers of the 20th Century.
"Edwin Powell Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century.
Hubble is known for showing that the recessional velocity of a galaxy increases with its distance from the earth, implying the Universe is expanding, a law of physics known as "Hubble's law"."
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7knav5DvEL0
Images:
1. Edwin Powell Hubble at a desk in 1931
2. Edwin Powell Hubble's Tuning Fork Diagram.
3. Edwin Powell Hubble and his wife Grace Lillian Burke Hubble.
4. The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990.
Biographies
1. his achievements summary asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.
2. his wife's biography sanmarinotribune.com/the-story-of-grace-lillian-burke-hubble/
Background from asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/hubble/overview/hubble_bio.html
"Edwin Powell Hubble (1889-1953)
Edwin Hubble, for whom the Hubble Space Telescope is named, was one of the leading astronomers of the twentieth century. His discovery in the 1920s that countless galaxies exist beyond our own Milky Way galaxy revolutionized our understanding of the universe and our place within it.
Hubble, a tall and athletic man who excelled at sports and even coached high school basketball for a short while, started his professional science career during one of the most exciting eras of astronomy. It was 1919, just a few years after Albert Einstein published his theory of general relativity, and bold, new ideas about the universe were fermenting. Hubble was offered a staff position at the Mount Wilson Observatory, which housed the Edwin Hubble and Hooker Telescope newly commissioned 100-inch Hooker telescope, then the largest telescope in the world. Hubble, it seemed, had the universe placed in his lap.
Most astronomers of Hubble's day thought that all of the universe — the planets, the stars seen with the naked eye and with powerful telescopes, and fuzzy objects called nebulae — was contained within the Milky Way galaxy. Our galaxy, it was thought, was synonymous with the universe.
In 1923 Hubble trained the Hooker telescope on a hazy patch of sky called the Andromeda Nebula. He found that it contained stars just like the ones in our galaxy, only dimmer. One star he saw was a Cepheid variable, a type small image of the Andromeda galaxy of star with a known, varying brightness that can be used to measure distances. From this Hubble deduced that the Andromeda Nebula was not a nearby star cluster but rather an entire other galaxy, now called the Andromeda galaxy.
In the following years he made similar discoveries with other nebulae. By the end of the 1920s, most astronomers were convinced that our Milky Way galaxy was but one of millions in the universe. This was a shift in thought as profound as understanding the world was round and that it revolved around the sun.
Hubble then went one step further. By the end of that decade he had discovered enough galaxies to compare to each other. He created a system for classifying galaxies into ellipticals, spirals and barred spirals — a system called the Hubble tuning fork diagram, used today in an evolved form.
But the most astonishing discovery Hubble made resulted from his study of the spectra of 46 galaxies, and in particular of the Doppler velocities of those galaxies relative to our own Milky Way galaxy. What Hubble found was that the farther apart galaxies are from each other, the faster they move away from each other. Based on this observation, Hubble concluded that the universe expands uniformly. Several scientists had also posed this theory based on Einstein’s General Relativity, but Hubble's data, published in 1929, helped convince the scientific community.
Hubble and his colleague at Mt. Wilson, Milton Humason (who started as a mule driver during the construction of the observatory, then janitor, then night assistant), estimated the expansion rate of the universe to be 500 kilometers per second per megaparsec. (A megaparsec, or a million parsecs, is a distance equal to about 3.26 million light-years; so a galaxy two megaparsecs away is receding from us twice as fast as a galaxy only one megaparsec away.) This estimate is called the Hubble Constant, and scientists have been fine-tuning it ever since.
The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990, one of its major goals being to pin down the Hubble Constant. In 2001, a team studying supernovae with Hubble, along with ground-based optical telescopes, established a rate of 72 ± 8 km/sec/Mpc. In 2006, a team studying the cosmic microwave background with NASA's WMAP satellite tweaked this measurement to 70 km/sec/Mpc. Hubble, the telescope, also helped discover that not only is the universe expanding, the expansion is accelerating. The mysterious force causing this acceleration is dubbed dark energy.
Hubble was born on November 20, 1889, in Marshfield, Missouri, and moved to Wheaton, Illinois, before his first birthday. He studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Chicago and earned a bachelor of science degree in 1910. He was one of the first Rhodes Scholars at Oxford University, where he studied law. After serving briefly in World War I, he returned to the University of Chicago and earned his doctorate degree in 1917. After a long career entirely at Mt. Wilson Observatory, he died of a heart attack on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. As with the telescope that bears his name, Edwin Hubble transformed our understanding of the universe. His spirit of discovery lives on today in the Hubble Space Telescope.
2. Background from sanmarinotribune.com/the-story-of-grace-lillian-burke-hubble/
The Story of Grace Lillian Burke Hubble
Grace Hubble, a brilliant woman with a keen wit, led an extraordinary life at the center of Caltech’s intellectual community, with members of the British émigré community in Los Angeles and among Hollywood’s elite. As wife of famed astronomer Edwin Powell Hubble, Grace enjoyed access to the minds of many influential people. However, few people today know her story. As with many women of her generation, she existed behind the scenes, the proverbial woman behind the man.
Born in 1889 to John and Luella Burke in Walnut, Iowa, Grace was the eldest of two girls. In 1891 the family moved to California eventually settling in Los Angeles where John Burke, vice president of First National Bank, became a prominent member of the community. Living in Hancock Park, Grace and her sister attended the Marlborough School and in 1912 graduated Phi Beta Kappa in English from Stanford University. She was a serious student, but Grace also maintained an active social life. Stanford’s stables and open countryside fostered her love of horses and nature, something she would continue to enjoy during her married years.
Her first husband Earl Leib, a geologist for the Southern Pacific Company, died tragically in a mine accident in 1921. That same year Grace accompanied a friend to Mount Wilson Observatory where she met a young astronomer. On February 26, 1924, she married Edwin Hubble in a private ceremony at her home. The newlyweds enjoyed a week at the Burke’s Pebble Beach cottage and later honeymooned in Europe. While in England, they renewed friendships from Edwin’s years as a Rhodes scholar and Grace became an anglophile. From England they traveled to the continent for the grand tour and were especially taken with Italy. They returned with architectural ideas from the Ponte Vecchio in Florence and hired architect Joseph Kucera to incorporate them into a design for the home they eventually built in San Marino.
Grace thrived as hostess and Los Angeles tour guide for friends and colleagues, their Woodstock Road home an enclave for a select circle of academics, scientists, British émigrés and Hollywood celebrities. In 1931, Caltech President Robert Millikan asked Grace to be unofficial hostess to Albert Einstein on his first visit to Pasadena, driving him to meetings, assisting with personal needs and entertaining him in her home.
From his post at Mount Wilson’s 100-inch telescope, Hubble proved the universe is constantly expanding, the Big Bang theory. He became an instant celebrity. His fame attracted many Hollywood visitors to the Observatory. As Edwin manned the telescope, Grace communed with nature and in 1937 began a life-long friendship with Anita Loos, screenwriter and author of “Gentlemen Prefer Blondes.” Loos opened the doors to the Hollywood set and introduced British writer Aldous and Maria Huxley to the Hubbles. Plagued with poor eyesight, Huxley relied on Grace to edit manuscripts and read to him. Her first project with him was “After Many a Summer Dies the Swan.” The friendship lasted through the mid-1950s. In the years after Edwin passed away, Maria Huxley died and Aldous pursued a new adventure with mind-altering drugs. This was more than Grace could accept and she and Aldous never spoke again.
Grace lived nearly 50 years in San Marino and wrote daily in journals and letters, gathering her observations, analysis and opinions of people, politics, nature and art. She wrote of the ordinary and extraordinary, the ridiculous and sublime. She wrote of evenings with celebrities like Charlie Chaplin, sitting with Frank Capra at the Academy Awards program and her place beside William Randolph Hearst dining at the Hearst Castle. She helped Edwin prepare speeches encouraging FDR to enter the World War II, wrote of days with San Marino ladies packaging supplies for English friends during the blitzkrieg and of evenings watching the San Gabriel Valley darken to the sound of air raid sirens.
On vacations in the Sierra Nevada Mountains or fishing and horseback riding in Colorado, her journals became a master’s canvas as Grace painted pictures with words reflecting her education and intelligence. Cross-country train trips to scientific conferences are laid out in careful detail. Never timid, Grace stepped in to do a quick revision of content and grammar in 1940 when a radio scriptwriter failed to produce an acceptable copy on historical scientific personalities for Edwin. According to Edwin, Grace was his first line of defense. Her journals and correspondence define her 29 years of marriage to Edwin.
The Huntington Library was a special place for them, their choice for Sunday walks with friends and neighbors, especially Homer and Ida Crotty. In 1938, Edwin succeeded George Ellery Hale on The Huntington’s Board of Trustees, a position he maintained with pride until his death. Edwin and Grace enjoyed the friendship of many staff members including Max Farrand, The Huntington’s first director of research. During the war years, in Edwin’s absence, Grace obtained a reader’s card and found solace in the library stacks. After Edwin’s death, she returned to The Huntington’s collections and read literature widely—history, science and travel books. She also walked in the gardens and admired the art.
Grace remained in their Woodstock Road home for 20 years following Edwin’s death but no longer wrote in her journal. Sadly she destroyed much of their personal correspondence, however, she took great care preserving Edwin’s scientific papers and the many priceless books in their home library. She committed herself to preserving his legacy, donating his papers and her journals to establish the “Edwin Powell Hubble Papers” at The Huntington Library. She entertained and corresponded with friends from England and colleagues of Edwin. When she could read no longer Ida Crotty read to her, her desire for intellectual stimulation remained strong. Grace Hubble’s death certificate in 1981 listed her occupation as housewife; her obituary called her a writer. This writer and loving companion crafted a legacy to Edwin Hubble and in those pages and between the lines left her legacy as well."
FYI COL Mikel J. Burroughs Lt Col John (Jack) Christensen LTC Greg Henning LTC Jeff Shearer Maj Bill Smith, Ph.D. Maj William W. "Bill" Price CPT Scott Sharon CWO3 Dennis M. SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL SSG William Jones SGT (Join to see) SGT John " Mac " McConnell SP5 Mark Kuzinski PO1 H Gene Lawrence PO2 Kevin Parker PO3 Bob McCord SPC Matthew LambSSG Robert "Rob" WentworthPV2 Brian Hatcher
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LTC Stephen F.
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LTC Stephen F.
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LTC Stephen F. - Col, Ford, Thank you for sharing this great information on Edwin Hubble.
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Great post. We are about 30 minutes from Marshfield, and the chunk of I-44 through that area is tagged "Edwin P. Hubble Memorial Highway." I'm on it every time I head to Ft. Leonard Wood or St. Louis, or points east.
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I always think how thrilled he would be to see the photos from "his" telescope and others now
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