Posted on Jul 6, 2020
Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester
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On July 6, 1483, Richard III was crowned King of England after deposing Edward V. From the article:
"Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline
A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle.
Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest?
Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route).
The Princes in the Tower
Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again.
Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard.
Death and disappearance
After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII.
Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales.
Re-evaluating Richard
History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign.
In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system.
With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a violent and gory death, and a bad press (largely derived from a classic of English literature) – not forgetting serious debate about his physical appearance – it is no wonder that Richard III continues to fascinate historians, scholars and the public in the 21st century."
"Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline
A Plantagenet primer on the last English king to die in battle.
Although he only ruled for two years – from 1483 to 1485 – Richard III stands out among his peers as one of the most famous (or infamous) Kings of England. But who was he? And why does he continue to inspire such interest?
Richard was born in Fotheringhay Castle, Northamptonshire on 2 October 1452 – about 30 miles (50km) from Leicester and only about 40 miles (65km - two days’ ride) from Bosworth where he met his end a third of a century later. Richard and his older brother Edward were the great-great-grandchildren of Edward III, a line of descent which was used to justify the claim to the throne by the House of York during the Wars of the Roses (the House of Lancaster was also descended from Edward III, via a different route).
The Princes in the Tower
Edward ruled as King Edward IV from 1461 until 1470 and again from 1471 until his death in 1483, when his 12-year-old son succeeded as Edward V, with Richard named Lord Protector. Young Edward and his brother moved into the Tower of London (which was then a royal palace, not a prison) but in June their parents’ marriage was declared invalid, making the princes illegitimate and hence their uncle became the heir apparent. Richard lost no time in being crowned King Richard III and the two boys were not seen again.
Thus began the legend of ‘the Princes in the Tower’ and a long-standing popular belief that Richard had his nephews murdered in order to remove any competing claim to the throne. This has been widely debated for many years, with passionate arguments made both for and against Richard.
Death and disappearance
After defeating an unsuccessful rebellion in October 1483, Richard led his army to Bosworth in Leicestershire two years later to face Henry Tudor (whose somewhat tenuous claim to the throne was also through descent from Edward III). On 22 August 1485, Richard was killed at Bosworth Field, the last English King to die in battle, thereby bringing to an end both the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses. Henry Tudor was crowned King Henry VII.
Richard’s body was brought back to Leicester, publicly displayed and then given for burial to a group of Franciscan friars. An alabaster tomb monument was constructed over the grave in 1495, paid for by the new King. With the dissolution of the monasteries (by Henry Tudor’s son, Henry VIII) that friary disappeared and along with it any clear record of Richard’s grave. Stories and rumours about where Richard’s mortal remains lie – or what happened to them – have circulated over the ensuing centuries, but most of these have subsequently been shown to be tall tales.
Re-evaluating Richard
History, they say, is written by the victors. Tudor writers and artists had no qualms about depicting Richard III as an evil tyrant and child-murderer, as well as a crippled hunchback. Shakespeare’s eponymous play, written 106 years after Richard’s death, cemented the King’s bad reputation (and appearance) among the general public for centuries, although scholars including Francis Bacon and Horace Walpole sought to re-evaluate his reign.
In 1924 the Richard III Society was founded, aiming to challenge accepted beliefs and assumptions about ‘the last Plantagenet’, not least the accusation of murder and the popular depiction of Richard as having a crooked spine. Among the inarguably good works of this popular King, they pointed out, were a number of significant changes to English law, including the presumption of ‘innocent until proven guilty’ and a reformation of the jury system.
With a controversial claim to the throne, accusations of blood on his hands, a violent and gory death, and a bad press (largely derived from a classic of English literature) – not forgetting serious debate about his physical appearance – it is no wonder that Richard III continues to fascinate historians, scholars and the public in the 21st century."
Who was Richard III - Last Plantagenet King to die in battle -Timeline - University of Leicester
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'The Order of the White Boar: The King's Man' - the Coronation of King Richard III, 6 July 1483
Author Alex Marchant reads the 'Coronation of King Richard III' from 'The King's Man', book 2 of 'The Order of the White Boar', her sequence of books telling...
Thank you my friend SGT (Join to see) for making us aware that on July 6, 1483, Richard III was crowned King of England after deposing Edward V.
The Order of the White Boar: The King's Man' - the Coronation of King Richard III, 6 July 1483
Author Alex Marchant reads the 'Coronation of King Richard III' from 'The King's Man', book 2 of 'The Order of the White Boar', her sequence of books telling the real story of King Richard III for ages 10+
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0Wikv7va74
Images
1. Richard III and his wife Anne Neville, in their coronation robes. From a fifteenth century copy of the 'Salisbury Roll' showing the earls and their descendants.
2. Richard III and his wife Anne Neville stained glass window
3. Royal Crown of England
4. Westminster Abbey Throne Room
Biographies
1. rebeccastarrbrown.com/2017/07/06/richard-iii-as-king/
2. medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/king-richard-iii-biography.htm
1. Background from {[https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2017/07/06/richard-iii-as-king/]}
The Crowning of Richard III & Anne Neville
ON JULY 6, 2017 BY RSBIN THE HOUSE OF YORK
Today marks the 534th anniversary of Richard III’s coronation, an event that stands out from his reign as a moment of near-optimism. It was also an unusual ceremony in that it was a double crowning – Richard and his wife, Anne Neville, were anointed side-by-side in Westminster Abbey. The 12th century had seen the same with Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, while the 13th century had seen Edward I and Eleanor of Castile and the 14th their son, Edward II, and his wife, Isabelle of France. That last coronation had taken place in 1308, 175 years before.
Recent history had seen rushed, bare-bones operations borne out of necessity. Edward IV had spun into the capitol after losing the Second Battle of St. Albans in 1461 while his rivals, Henry VI and Marguerite of Anjou, remained at large. Henry VI had come to the throne as an infant and his coronations pulled together years later was showboating in the wake of French gains and Joan of Arc. Henry V had a proper coronation back in 1413, but the day was marred by a surprise April snowstorm. And before him was Henry IV, who had usurped the throne from his cousin, Richard II, in 1399. None of the four had been married.
The next joint coronation would be in 1509 when Henry VIII was crowned alongside Katherine of Aragon. Following a low-key wedding, the event celebrated not only the dawn of Henry’s reign, but their marriage. It wouldn’t be repeated until 1603 when James I and Anne of Denmark were crowned after the death of Elizabeth I. The Stuarts and Hanoverians were hit or miss, though the coronation of George IV in 1820 is a standout in that it saw him barring his wife, Caroline of Brunswick, access to the Abbey.
Thus, even more than half a century later, the 1483 coronation is worth evaluating. A crowning had already been planned for that summer, of course, though the honoree was meant to have been Richard’s nephew, Edward V, eldest son of his deceased brother. What began as a whisper campaign on the legitimacy of Edward V and Edward IV had spun into a confident legal maneuver declaring Edward V a bastard and, thus, Richard the rightful king. Never mind, of course, the existence of yet another nephew with a stronger claim than Richard – Edward, Earl of Warwick was only a child and his father had died a traitor, so there were few voices calling for his reign.
And this brings us to an important point – the July 6th coronation was a short moment of peace. Richard had accepted a petition to name him king, not done as his father had done 23 years earlier by stalking through Westminster Hall and laying his hand upon the throne. Whatever role Richard’s ambition played in the events is debatable; what is not is that he had enough support from the lords of the realm – sincere or resigned – to say he had been a popular choice, however morally ambiguous the means taken to reach that point may have been.
So, the ceremony. Besides the King and Queen, the most important figure of the day was Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Like the Earl of Warwick before him, he saw himself as Richard’s kingmaker and, as such, he was insistent on a place of honor throughout the events. His familial ties would indicate a loyalty to the Woodville faction given his marriage to Queen Elizabeth’s younger sister, Katherine, however given a dearth of information on their relationship and his prominent support for Richard in 1483, such was apparently not the case.
Red cloth was laid out through the city streets for the procession path. Richard and Anne walked along it barefoot, first to Westminster Hall and then to the Abbey. The line was led by a group of priests carrying a large cross, and the Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland bearing the sword of mercy; Lord Stanley with the Lord High Constable’s mace; the Earl of Kent and Francis, Viscount Lovell with the swords of justice; Richard’s brother-in-law, John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk with the sceptre; and then John Howard, Duke of Norfolk holding the jeweled crown that would be placed on Richard’s head.
Richard walked in a gown of purple, his train held by Buckingham, who also carried the white wand of High Steward. A group of earls and barons followed them, ahead of Anne, whose train was held by Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. They were followed by Richard’s sister, Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk, and behind her, the Duchess of Norfolk, at the head of about 20 ladies and a line of lesser knights, squires, etc.
As the procession reached the Abbey, singing began to mark the King and Queen’s entrance into the nave. This continued as the group filed in and Richard and Anne were escorted to their seats. From there they walked to the high altar, naked from the waist up, to be anointed on the head, hands and heart. They were then covered in cloth of gold and formally crowned.
Richard and Anne returned to their seats for High Mass. Buckingham and Norfolk stood on either side of Richard, while the Duchess of Suffolk and Margaret Beaufort flanked Anne. Once mass was complete, Richard offered up the crown of St. Edward and relics at the saint’s shrine. The music began again as the procession filed out of the Abbey, following the path of the red cloth to Westminster Hall.
A brief respite followed as court prepared for the coronation feast. The lords and ladies in attendance paid homage to the royal couple and feasted. After the second course had been served the King’s Champion rode into the hall on a horse and delivered the customary challenge – the response, of course, was a unified cry of “King Richard!” Per tradition, the Champion was then served red wine, which he took a swig of, threw out the rest and left with the cup as payment. Once final obeisances were over, Richard and Anne filed out of the Hall to the sound of trumpets.
So, what about this is notable? Well, for one, it is a well-documented coronation that captures the full potential of the ceremony in the Middle Ages. For two, it is particularly noteworthy with the benefit of hindsight. We know now how fleeting this moment of public harmony was and it begs the question, was it sincere?
Less than four months later Buckingham would be executed for treason and Margaret Beaufort placed under house arrest for participating in a plot to depose Richard in favor of Margaret’s son, Henry Tudor. And while the Yorkists may have been cheering for Richard, a more accurate snapshot of sentiment has to allow that many were hedging their bets. Was Richard a safer investment than a child king? Probably. But what would happen to the deposed Edward V and his brother, who were likely still alive at this point? And what about the Dowager Queen and her five daughters living in sanctuary within the confines of the very Abbey in which Richard was just crowned?
The argument that Richard could have adequately ruled given time to establish himself is possible, but it would have taken years and, frankly, it’s hard to imagine how it would have leveled out given how many other players, many of whom were within a stone’s throw of his crowning, would have had to have been felled. The coronation was a deceptively smooth moment, but it does offer a glimpse at what the reign of Richard III could have been.
2. Background from {[http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/king-richard-iii-biography.htm]}
King Richard III Biography
Facts and interesting information about this famous Medieval King of England - King Richard III Biography
Short Biography about the life of King Richard III of England
The following biography, short history and interesting facts provide helpful information for history courses and history coursework about the life of King Richard III King of England:
Country of Origin / Nationality: English
Also Known by the Nickname: Richard Crookback
Lifetime: 1452 – 1485
Period he reigned as King of England: 26 June 1483 - 22 Aug,1485. His coronation was on 6 July 1483
Born: King Richard III was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringay Castle
Close family connections or relatives: He was the son of Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460) and Cecily Neville (1415-1495)
Date succeeded to the throne of England: 26 June 1483
Married: Anne Neville (c. 1456-1485) on 12 July 1472
Date when King Richard III died: 22 August 1485 when he was killed and his supporters defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Leicestershire
Cause of the Death of King Richard III: His body was found gashed, bleeding, and stripped on the battlefield and was thrown across a horse and carried into Leicester
Character of King Richard III: History is written by the victors and the character of King Richard III was totally besmirched by the Tudors
Accomplishments and Achievements or why King Richard III was famous: The main suspect in the murder of the Princes in the Tower. His defeat at Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor ended the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses and heralded the Tudor dynasty
Richard III was greatly maligned by the Tudors and the play by Richard III by William Shakespeare. King Richard III is the only King of England not to have a tomb. It is said that King Henry VIII ordered that his bones were dug up and thrown away and his coffin was used as a horse trough
New evidence suggests that the little prince in the Tower, King Edward V, was in fact a bastard. The son of a Rouen archer. If this is true King Richard III was in fact the real heir to throne of England and not the son of King Edward IV.
King Richard III
The story and biography of King Richard III which contains interesting information, facts & the history about the life of King Richard III
Timeline of King Richard III
The story of King Richard III ( Nickname : Richard Crookback )
In 1483 King Edward IV, Richard's brother, died leaving two young sons. The boy king was on his way to his coronation in London but was intercepted by his uncle, and Protector ( who would become Richard III ). Edward was escorted to London and then to the Tower. On the 16th June 1483 he was joined by his brother Prince Richard. The coronation was cancelled.
On June 25 1483 Parliament declared the two little princes illegitimate and, as next in line to the throne, their uncle and Protector, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was declared the true King. The two little princes were never seen again. The thirteen year old King and his ten year old brother mysteriously disappeared in the Tower after being declared illegitimate. They were believed to have been murdered and are referred to as the Little Princes in the Tower.
History is written by the victors and Richard's name and even his physical description, have been besmirched by many later historians. William Shakespeare depicted King Richard III as an evil, murderous hunchback a description which would have been applauded by the Tudors as their dynasty replaced the Plantagenets.
Richard III. seems to have wished to be a good and great king but his reign was beset with plots and treachery. His home was unhappy, for his son, for whose sake he had striven so hard to be king, died while just a boy, and Anne, his much loved wife, not long after. Plots involving his former staunch friend, the Duke of Buckingham were discovered. The Beauforts, the children of the younger family of John of Gaunt and the commoner Katherine Swynford, had survived the disputes between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Lady Margaret Beauforthad married a Welsh gentleman named Edmund Tudor, and they had a son called Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond.
After the death of his first wife, Anne Neville, plans were made for King Richard III to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV -Elizabeth, or Lady Bessee, as she was called. Elizabeth was horrified and she promised herself that, if Henry Tudor would come and overthrow Richard, she would marry him. Elizabeth of York sent him a ring in pledge of her promise. Henry was in Brittany when he received the letter. He kissed the ring, but waited long before he made up his mind to try his fortune. He sailed in a French ship, and landed at Milford Haven where he received considerable support. Richard, though very angry, was not much alarmed, for he knew Henry Tudor had never seen a battle.
The Death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field
King Richard III marched out to meet him, and a terrible fight took place at Redmore Heath, near Market Bosworth, where, after long and desperate struggling, Richard was overwhelmed and slain, his banner taken, and his men either killed or driven from the field. His body was found gashed, bleeding, and stripped; and thus was thrown across a horse and carried into Leicester, where he had slept the night before. The crown he had worn over his helmet was picked up from the branches of a hawthorn, and set on the head of Henry Tudor. Richard was the last king of the Plantagenet family, who had ruled over England for more than three hundred years. The Battle of Bosworth Field likewise finished the whole bloody war of the Red and White Roses.
Famous Medieval Kings - King Richard III
Interesting facts and information with a short biography about the Medieval Life, Times and history of King Richard III. Additional useful details, facts, history, biography, timeline and information about the lives of all of the Medieval Kings of England and the important events which occurred during their times, can be accessed via the Medieval Life and Times Sitemap. The content of this article on Medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework."
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The Order of the White Boar: The King's Man' - the Coronation of King Richard III, 6 July 1483
Author Alex Marchant reads the 'Coronation of King Richard III' from 'The King's Man', book 2 of 'The Order of the White Boar', her sequence of books telling the real story of King Richard III for ages 10+
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0Wikv7va74
Images
1. Richard III and his wife Anne Neville, in their coronation robes. From a fifteenth century copy of the 'Salisbury Roll' showing the earls and their descendants.
2. Richard III and his wife Anne Neville stained glass window
3. Royal Crown of England
4. Westminster Abbey Throne Room
Biographies
1. rebeccastarrbrown.com/2017/07/06/richard-iii-as-king/
2. medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/king-richard-iii-biography.htm
1. Background from {[https://rebeccastarrbrown.com/2017/07/06/richard-iii-as-king/]}
The Crowning of Richard III & Anne Neville
ON JULY 6, 2017 BY RSBIN THE HOUSE OF YORK
Today marks the 534th anniversary of Richard III’s coronation, an event that stands out from his reign as a moment of near-optimism. It was also an unusual ceremony in that it was a double crowning – Richard and his wife, Anne Neville, were anointed side-by-side in Westminster Abbey. The 12th century had seen the same with Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, while the 13th century had seen Edward I and Eleanor of Castile and the 14th their son, Edward II, and his wife, Isabelle of France. That last coronation had taken place in 1308, 175 years before.
Recent history had seen rushed, bare-bones operations borne out of necessity. Edward IV had spun into the capitol after losing the Second Battle of St. Albans in 1461 while his rivals, Henry VI and Marguerite of Anjou, remained at large. Henry VI had come to the throne as an infant and his coronations pulled together years later was showboating in the wake of French gains and Joan of Arc. Henry V had a proper coronation back in 1413, but the day was marred by a surprise April snowstorm. And before him was Henry IV, who had usurped the throne from his cousin, Richard II, in 1399. None of the four had been married.
The next joint coronation would be in 1509 when Henry VIII was crowned alongside Katherine of Aragon. Following a low-key wedding, the event celebrated not only the dawn of Henry’s reign, but their marriage. It wouldn’t be repeated until 1603 when James I and Anne of Denmark were crowned after the death of Elizabeth I. The Stuarts and Hanoverians were hit or miss, though the coronation of George IV in 1820 is a standout in that it saw him barring his wife, Caroline of Brunswick, access to the Abbey.
Thus, even more than half a century later, the 1483 coronation is worth evaluating. A crowning had already been planned for that summer, of course, though the honoree was meant to have been Richard’s nephew, Edward V, eldest son of his deceased brother. What began as a whisper campaign on the legitimacy of Edward V and Edward IV had spun into a confident legal maneuver declaring Edward V a bastard and, thus, Richard the rightful king. Never mind, of course, the existence of yet another nephew with a stronger claim than Richard – Edward, Earl of Warwick was only a child and his father had died a traitor, so there were few voices calling for his reign.
And this brings us to an important point – the July 6th coronation was a short moment of peace. Richard had accepted a petition to name him king, not done as his father had done 23 years earlier by stalking through Westminster Hall and laying his hand upon the throne. Whatever role Richard’s ambition played in the events is debatable; what is not is that he had enough support from the lords of the realm – sincere or resigned – to say he had been a popular choice, however morally ambiguous the means taken to reach that point may have been.
So, the ceremony. Besides the King and Queen, the most important figure of the day was Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Like the Earl of Warwick before him, he saw himself as Richard’s kingmaker and, as such, he was insistent on a place of honor throughout the events. His familial ties would indicate a loyalty to the Woodville faction given his marriage to Queen Elizabeth’s younger sister, Katherine, however given a dearth of information on their relationship and his prominent support for Richard in 1483, such was apparently not the case.
Red cloth was laid out through the city streets for the procession path. Richard and Anne walked along it barefoot, first to Westminster Hall and then to the Abbey. The line was led by a group of priests carrying a large cross, and the Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland bearing the sword of mercy; Lord Stanley with the Lord High Constable’s mace; the Earl of Kent and Francis, Viscount Lovell with the swords of justice; Richard’s brother-in-law, John de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk with the sceptre; and then John Howard, Duke of Norfolk holding the jeweled crown that would be placed on Richard’s head.
Richard walked in a gown of purple, his train held by Buckingham, who also carried the white wand of High Steward. A group of earls and barons followed them, ahead of Anne, whose train was held by Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond. They were followed by Richard’s sister, Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk, and behind her, the Duchess of Norfolk, at the head of about 20 ladies and a line of lesser knights, squires, etc.
As the procession reached the Abbey, singing began to mark the King and Queen’s entrance into the nave. This continued as the group filed in and Richard and Anne were escorted to their seats. From there they walked to the high altar, naked from the waist up, to be anointed on the head, hands and heart. They were then covered in cloth of gold and formally crowned.
Richard and Anne returned to their seats for High Mass. Buckingham and Norfolk stood on either side of Richard, while the Duchess of Suffolk and Margaret Beaufort flanked Anne. Once mass was complete, Richard offered up the crown of St. Edward and relics at the saint’s shrine. The music began again as the procession filed out of the Abbey, following the path of the red cloth to Westminster Hall.
A brief respite followed as court prepared for the coronation feast. The lords and ladies in attendance paid homage to the royal couple and feasted. After the second course had been served the King’s Champion rode into the hall on a horse and delivered the customary challenge – the response, of course, was a unified cry of “King Richard!” Per tradition, the Champion was then served red wine, which he took a swig of, threw out the rest and left with the cup as payment. Once final obeisances were over, Richard and Anne filed out of the Hall to the sound of trumpets.
So, what about this is notable? Well, for one, it is a well-documented coronation that captures the full potential of the ceremony in the Middle Ages. For two, it is particularly noteworthy with the benefit of hindsight. We know now how fleeting this moment of public harmony was and it begs the question, was it sincere?
Less than four months later Buckingham would be executed for treason and Margaret Beaufort placed under house arrest for participating in a plot to depose Richard in favor of Margaret’s son, Henry Tudor. And while the Yorkists may have been cheering for Richard, a more accurate snapshot of sentiment has to allow that many were hedging their bets. Was Richard a safer investment than a child king? Probably. But what would happen to the deposed Edward V and his brother, who were likely still alive at this point? And what about the Dowager Queen and her five daughters living in sanctuary within the confines of the very Abbey in which Richard was just crowned?
The argument that Richard could have adequately ruled given time to establish himself is possible, but it would have taken years and, frankly, it’s hard to imagine how it would have leveled out given how many other players, many of whom were within a stone’s throw of his crowning, would have had to have been felled. The coronation was a deceptively smooth moment, but it does offer a glimpse at what the reign of Richard III could have been.
2. Background from {[http://www.medieval-life-and-times.info/medieval-kings/king-richard-iii-biography.htm]}
King Richard III Biography
Facts and interesting information about this famous Medieval King of England - King Richard III Biography
Short Biography about the life of King Richard III of England
The following biography, short history and interesting facts provide helpful information for history courses and history coursework about the life of King Richard III King of England:
Country of Origin / Nationality: English
Also Known by the Nickname: Richard Crookback
Lifetime: 1452 – 1485
Period he reigned as King of England: 26 June 1483 - 22 Aug,1485. His coronation was on 6 July 1483
Born: King Richard III was born on 2 October 1452 at Fotheringay Castle
Close family connections or relatives: He was the son of Richard, Duke of York (1411-1460) and Cecily Neville (1415-1495)
Date succeeded to the throne of England: 26 June 1483
Married: Anne Neville (c. 1456-1485) on 12 July 1472
Date when King Richard III died: 22 August 1485 when he was killed and his supporters defeated at the Battle of Bosworth Field, Leicestershire
Cause of the Death of King Richard III: His body was found gashed, bleeding, and stripped on the battlefield and was thrown across a horse and carried into Leicester
Character of King Richard III: History is written by the victors and the character of King Richard III was totally besmirched by the Tudors
Accomplishments and Achievements or why King Richard III was famous: The main suspect in the murder of the Princes in the Tower. His defeat at Bosworth Field by Henry Tudor ended the Plantagenet dynasty and the Wars of the Roses and heralded the Tudor dynasty
Richard III was greatly maligned by the Tudors and the play by Richard III by William Shakespeare. King Richard III is the only King of England not to have a tomb. It is said that King Henry VIII ordered that his bones were dug up and thrown away and his coffin was used as a horse trough
New evidence suggests that the little prince in the Tower, King Edward V, was in fact a bastard. The son of a Rouen archer. If this is true King Richard III was in fact the real heir to throne of England and not the son of King Edward IV.
King Richard III
The story and biography of King Richard III which contains interesting information, facts & the history about the life of King Richard III
Timeline of King Richard III
The story of King Richard III ( Nickname : Richard Crookback )
In 1483 King Edward IV, Richard's brother, died leaving two young sons. The boy king was on his way to his coronation in London but was intercepted by his uncle, and Protector ( who would become Richard III ). Edward was escorted to London and then to the Tower. On the 16th June 1483 he was joined by his brother Prince Richard. The coronation was cancelled.
On June 25 1483 Parliament declared the two little princes illegitimate and, as next in line to the throne, their uncle and Protector, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was declared the true King. The two little princes were never seen again. The thirteen year old King and his ten year old brother mysteriously disappeared in the Tower after being declared illegitimate. They were believed to have been murdered and are referred to as the Little Princes in the Tower.
History is written by the victors and Richard's name and even his physical description, have been besmirched by many later historians. William Shakespeare depicted King Richard III as an evil, murderous hunchback a description which would have been applauded by the Tudors as their dynasty replaced the Plantagenets.
Richard III. seems to have wished to be a good and great king but his reign was beset with plots and treachery. His home was unhappy, for his son, for whose sake he had striven so hard to be king, died while just a boy, and Anne, his much loved wife, not long after. Plots involving his former staunch friend, the Duke of Buckingham were discovered. The Beauforts, the children of the younger family of John of Gaunt and the commoner Katherine Swynford, had survived the disputes between the Houses of York and Lancaster. Lady Margaret Beauforthad married a Welsh gentleman named Edmund Tudor, and they had a son called Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond.
After the death of his first wife, Anne Neville, plans were made for King Richard III to marry the eldest daughter of Edward IV -Elizabeth, or Lady Bessee, as she was called. Elizabeth was horrified and she promised herself that, if Henry Tudor would come and overthrow Richard, she would marry him. Elizabeth of York sent him a ring in pledge of her promise. Henry was in Brittany when he received the letter. He kissed the ring, but waited long before he made up his mind to try his fortune. He sailed in a French ship, and landed at Milford Haven where he received considerable support. Richard, though very angry, was not much alarmed, for he knew Henry Tudor had never seen a battle.
The Death of King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field
King Richard III marched out to meet him, and a terrible fight took place at Redmore Heath, near Market Bosworth, where, after long and desperate struggling, Richard was overwhelmed and slain, his banner taken, and his men either killed or driven from the field. His body was found gashed, bleeding, and stripped; and thus was thrown across a horse and carried into Leicester, where he had slept the night before. The crown he had worn over his helmet was picked up from the branches of a hawthorn, and set on the head of Henry Tudor. Richard was the last king of the Plantagenet family, who had ruled over England for more than three hundred years. The Battle of Bosworth Field likewise finished the whole bloody war of the Red and White Roses.
Famous Medieval Kings - King Richard III
Interesting facts and information with a short biography about the Medieval Life, Times and history of King Richard III. Additional useful details, facts, history, biography, timeline and information about the lives of all of the Medieval Kings of England and the important events which occurred during their times, can be accessed via the Medieval Life and Times Sitemap. The content of this article on Medieval life and times provides free educational details, facts and information for reference and research for schools, colleges and homework for history courses and history coursework."
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York Boar Badge, as worn by supporters of King Richard III (c.1483)
Find out more about the York Boar Badge, as worn by the supporters of Richard III following his coronation in 1483. With only two ever found in Yorkshire the...
York Boar Badge, as worn by supporters of King Richard III (c.1483)
Find out more about the York Boar Badge, as worn by the supporters of Richard III following his coronation in 1483.
With only two ever found in Yorkshire these badges are a very rare item of British history. In celebration of a special exhibition running between July and October 2013, the Yorkshire Museum commissioned a special 18 carat gold replica created by York-based jeweller Charmian Ottaway as part of York's year-long programme of events entitled Richard III: Rumour and Reality.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFynLztlaEc
Images:
1. The Coronation Throne at Westminster Abbey
2. Westminster Hall Interior
3. Cloth of Gold
4. Westminster Hall
Background from {[https://mattlewisauthor.wordpress.com/2013/07/06/the-lost-coronation-of-king-richard-iii/]}
The Lost Coronation Of King Richard III
The coronation that took place on Sunday 6th July 1483 was, only a fortnight earlier, unplanned. London was prepared for a coronation, that of King Edward V on 22nd June but that was fated not to take place. Edward had been declared illegitimate and his Protector asked to take the throne. Therein lies another story.
King Richard III’s coronation was significant on many levels but the political and dynastic shockwaves of the following years have overshadowed the magnificent spectacle of a coronation memorable for a catalogue of reasons. A coronation had been made ready, so the pomp and splendid pageantry was in place, streets bursting with colour and packed with bodies hungry to catch a glimpse of their new monarch.
The first matter of note was that this was a joint coronation. King Richard and his wife, Queen Anne Neville, were crowned together. This had only happened three times before. Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine had enjoyed a dual coronation on Sunday 19th December 1154, though they had perhaps not enjoyed their subsequent relationship quite as much. Edward I was crowned alongside Eleanor of Castille on 19th August 1274 and his son Edward II had his wife Isabella of France crowned beside him on 25th February 1308. The joint coronation of Richard and Anne was a first in 175 years.
The absence for so long of a couple being crowned together was in part a testament to the upheavals of the previous century or more. Edward III had taken his father’s throne at a young age. His heir had died less than a year before he was to, leaving his 10 year old grandson to reign. Richard II was to be punished for his tyranny when the widowed Henry IV removed him. Henry died aged 46, leaving his unmarried son to be crowned King Henry V. When that warrior king died, his son was only 9 months old. Henry VI’s insipid rule brought about the Wars of the Roses and saw Edward IV seize the throne, crowned at 19 before he met Elizabeth Woodville. It was his son, aged 12, who had been due to be crowned on 22nd June. So, perhaps, this joint coronation of a settled, mature couple, Richard being 30 and Anne aged 27, promised much. They had a son to act as their heir. The omens were promising. This was something new at a time when the country did not want old problems.
On Saturday 5th and Sunday 6th July, King Richard and Queen Anne processed from White Hall to Westminster Hall, walking on a carpet of vibrant red cloth. The master of the ceremonies that had now begun to unfold was Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Another matter of some significance. John Howard had been granted the offices of Earl Marshall and High Steward of England, making him the man traditionally positioned to oversee the coronation. Buckingham, though, had handed Richard his crown and he was determined to be the second most significant man in attendance. It is questionable whether second was ever enough for this proud man. The coronation set a precedent of spoiled indulgence that was soon to overflow into rebellion.
The spectacle proper began as the king and queen processed now from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey. They walked barefoot, as was traditional, behind a large cross and members of the clergy. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland carried the blunt sword of mercy. Thomas, Lord Stanley bore the Lord High Constable’s mace. Next came the Earl of Kent and Richard’s closest friend Francis, Viscount Lovell each carrying a pointed sword of justice. Richard’s brother-in-law, the Duke of Suffolk held the sceptre and the king’s nephew John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln bore the cross and ball. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey solemnly bore the sheathed sword of state held upright before him. Finally came Surrey’s father, John Howard, Duke of Norfolk carefully holding the crown in his hands.
King Richard himself walked enrobed in a sumptuous purple velvet gown, a bishop at each shoulder and his train born without humility by the Duke of Buckingham. The Wardens of the Cinque Ports held the cloth of estate above the king’s head. The luxury and vivid, vibrant colours would have been a sight to behold and the message of a bright new future clear for all to see.
Behind followed a series of earls, barons and lords bearing the queen’s regalia. Anne walked behind with Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond holding her train. Richard’s sister Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk walked alone in state followed by a further 20 ladies of the nobility and a host of knights and squires. The sheer scale of the event must have been enough to inspire awe, creating a wave upon which the new king and queen might ride to glory.
As they entered Westminster Abbey, the space erupted into ringing choral rejoicing. Divested of their ceremonial garb, the king and queen were anointed with holy oil by Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury. When they had been enrobed in sumptuous cloth of gold, the elderly Archbishop lowered a crown upon the heads of the new king and queen. Organ music filled the sacred space. A solemn Te Deum was sung and High Mass was said. England was rejoicing in the king and queen that God had appointed to her.
The spectacle was far from over. The coronation feast was eagerly expected next. In Westminster Hall, the Duke of Norfolk entered riding a charger adorned in cloth of gold to evict the gathered spectators and make room for the feast. A table on the dias was laid for the king and queen. On the floor of the hall, four further tables were placed, one for the attending bishops, the second for the high ranking nobility, a third for the barons and the fourth for the ladies invited. Each filed in, pledging their loyalty before the king and queen before taking their seat. In all, over 3,000 people attended the feast. Richard III’s coronation was perhaps the last on this scale. Numbers catered for at the feast fell dramatically in subsequent years until it was abandoned altogether in 1830 by William IV on the grounds of cost. No monarch since has reinstated the event.
Before the second course of the feast was served, the King’s Champion burst into the hall. Sir Robert Dymmock (whose family still hold the ceremonial position today) rode a destrier draped in red and white silk and wore armour of bright, pure white. He issued the traditional challenge to any who doubted King Richard’s right to rule and the room rang to shouts of ‘King Richard!’. With no challenge forthcoming, the Champion was served a covered goblet of red wine. Taking a draught, he cast the rest upon the floor, keeping the cup as his reward, and rode from the room.
The whole event had been an unmitigated success, perhaps the most lavish, well attended and best celebrated coronation Westminster Abbey had ever seen. At least it was in living memory. The Tudors are renowned for their use of spectacle as propaganda, but here King Richard III set a benchmark that even they would struggle to match.
Lost amid the rapturous pageantry were several notable anomalies, full of both promise and foreboding. With the exception of three earls who were minors too young to attend and a small handful of others, the entire English nobility turned out to celebrate the coronation. By comparison, the ceremonies both before, of Edward IV and after, of Henry VII, were bland, partisan affairs. Richard appeared to have embraced all of his new subjects. The Lancastrian Earl of Northumberland and Margaret Beaufort were in places of honour. Conciliation and the healing of old wounds seemed a real possibility. Without the benefit of hindsight, England must have appeared settled and happy.
However, examining the makeup of the procession more closely raises an interesting question that adds to the foreboding hinted at by Buckingham’s leading role. Thomas, Lord Stanley, proudly carrying the Constable’s mace, walked in a position senior to dukes and earls alike. An odd turn of events for a man known for a lack of loyalty that was unpalatable to Richard. Stanley had been involved in a long feud over possession of Hornby Castle with Sir James Harrington. Richard had, as early as 1470, taken Harrington’s side in the affair yet chose to lavishly honour Stanley. Was this a nod to the inescapable political reality that Edward IV had worked within? Stanley headed a veracious, up and coming family that boasted a huge force of men upon which they could call. It may have been a genuine attempt to build political bridges. If he was to rule all of England, niggling local feuds would have to be put to bed. Either way, an old enemy was in a place of high honour.
Behind Queen Anne walked another figure of some interest. She happened to be both the wife of Thomas, Lord Stanley and the mother of the final, glowing ember of Lancastrian hope in exile. Margaret Beaufort was a natural Lancastrian yet she too walked ahead of a duchess. Her son and his uncle had spent the last fourteen years in exile. There is evidence that Edward IV had been some way along the path of negotiating Henry Tudor’s return as a friend and his marriage to Edward’s own daughter, Elizabeth of York, Henry’s future queen. Was Richard intending to continue the attempt to bring the final stray within the fold? Or was he simply unable to escape the need to appease powerful enemies who remained irreconcilable? Henry Tudor was the final potential threat to the House of York. Imagine if he were made a friend…
Hindsight will tell us that the reign of King Richard III and his Queen Anne was not to last. Those honoured that day contributed to his downfall. Its attendants did not have this knowledge. For those who stood in Westminster Abbey, for those who sat indulging at the feast and for those who lined the streets cheering and soaking up the atmosphere, it was a spectacle like no other they had ever seen. It promised security, safety and a settled contentment for a country nursing ragged scars. Or perhaps the signs were there, just beneath the polished veneer, that this was a veil drawn over old, unresolved problems and new lurking threats, a bandage applied to ragged scars about to reopen once more.
Were there those who already plotted against the cheers of the crowds? Or could none have known the troubles to come as the streets of London joyously rang to a single call;
‘Long live King Richard III’
Matthew Lewis is the author of a brief biography of Richard III, A Glimpse of King Richard III along with a brief overview of the Wars of the Roses, A Glimpse of the Wars of the Roses."
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Find out more about the York Boar Badge, as worn by the supporters of Richard III following his coronation in 1483.
With only two ever found in Yorkshire these badges are a very rare item of British history. In celebration of a special exhibition running between July and October 2013, the Yorkshire Museum commissioned a special 18 carat gold replica created by York-based jeweller Charmian Ottaway as part of York's year-long programme of events entitled Richard III: Rumour and Reality.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KFynLztlaEc
Images:
1. The Coronation Throne at Westminster Abbey
2. Westminster Hall Interior
3. Cloth of Gold
4. Westminster Hall
Background from {[https://mattlewisauthor.wordpress.com/2013/07/06/the-lost-coronation-of-king-richard-iii/]}
The Lost Coronation Of King Richard III
The coronation that took place on Sunday 6th July 1483 was, only a fortnight earlier, unplanned. London was prepared for a coronation, that of King Edward V on 22nd June but that was fated not to take place. Edward had been declared illegitimate and his Protector asked to take the throne. Therein lies another story.
King Richard III’s coronation was significant on many levels but the political and dynastic shockwaves of the following years have overshadowed the magnificent spectacle of a coronation memorable for a catalogue of reasons. A coronation had been made ready, so the pomp and splendid pageantry was in place, streets bursting with colour and packed with bodies hungry to catch a glimpse of their new monarch.
The first matter of note was that this was a joint coronation. King Richard and his wife, Queen Anne Neville, were crowned together. This had only happened three times before. Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine had enjoyed a dual coronation on Sunday 19th December 1154, though they had perhaps not enjoyed their subsequent relationship quite as much. Edward I was crowned alongside Eleanor of Castille on 19th August 1274 and his son Edward II had his wife Isabella of France crowned beside him on 25th February 1308. The joint coronation of Richard and Anne was a first in 175 years.
The absence for so long of a couple being crowned together was in part a testament to the upheavals of the previous century or more. Edward III had taken his father’s throne at a young age. His heir had died less than a year before he was to, leaving his 10 year old grandson to reign. Richard II was to be punished for his tyranny when the widowed Henry IV removed him. Henry died aged 46, leaving his unmarried son to be crowned King Henry V. When that warrior king died, his son was only 9 months old. Henry VI’s insipid rule brought about the Wars of the Roses and saw Edward IV seize the throne, crowned at 19 before he met Elizabeth Woodville. It was his son, aged 12, who had been due to be crowned on 22nd June. So, perhaps, this joint coronation of a settled, mature couple, Richard being 30 and Anne aged 27, promised much. They had a son to act as their heir. The omens were promising. This was something new at a time when the country did not want old problems.
On Saturday 5th and Sunday 6th July, King Richard and Queen Anne processed from White Hall to Westminster Hall, walking on a carpet of vibrant red cloth. The master of the ceremonies that had now begun to unfold was Henry Stafford, Duke of Buckingham. Another matter of some significance. John Howard had been granted the offices of Earl Marshall and High Steward of England, making him the man traditionally positioned to oversee the coronation. Buckingham, though, had handed Richard his crown and he was determined to be the second most significant man in attendance. It is questionable whether second was ever enough for this proud man. The coronation set a precedent of spoiled indulgence that was soon to overflow into rebellion.
The spectacle proper began as the king and queen processed now from Westminster Hall to Westminster Abbey. They walked barefoot, as was traditional, behind a large cross and members of the clergy. Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland carried the blunt sword of mercy. Thomas, Lord Stanley bore the Lord High Constable’s mace. Next came the Earl of Kent and Richard’s closest friend Francis, Viscount Lovell each carrying a pointed sword of justice. Richard’s brother-in-law, the Duke of Suffolk held the sceptre and the king’s nephew John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln bore the cross and ball. Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey solemnly bore the sheathed sword of state held upright before him. Finally came Surrey’s father, John Howard, Duke of Norfolk carefully holding the crown in his hands.
King Richard himself walked enrobed in a sumptuous purple velvet gown, a bishop at each shoulder and his train born without humility by the Duke of Buckingham. The Wardens of the Cinque Ports held the cloth of estate above the king’s head. The luxury and vivid, vibrant colours would have been a sight to behold and the message of a bright new future clear for all to see.
Behind followed a series of earls, barons and lords bearing the queen’s regalia. Anne walked behind with Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond holding her train. Richard’s sister Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk walked alone in state followed by a further 20 ladies of the nobility and a host of knights and squires. The sheer scale of the event must have been enough to inspire awe, creating a wave upon which the new king and queen might ride to glory.
As they entered Westminster Abbey, the space erupted into ringing choral rejoicing. Divested of their ceremonial garb, the king and queen were anointed with holy oil by Thomas Bourchier, Archbishop of Canterbury. When they had been enrobed in sumptuous cloth of gold, the elderly Archbishop lowered a crown upon the heads of the new king and queen. Organ music filled the sacred space. A solemn Te Deum was sung and High Mass was said. England was rejoicing in the king and queen that God had appointed to her.
The spectacle was far from over. The coronation feast was eagerly expected next. In Westminster Hall, the Duke of Norfolk entered riding a charger adorned in cloth of gold to evict the gathered spectators and make room for the feast. A table on the dias was laid for the king and queen. On the floor of the hall, four further tables were placed, one for the attending bishops, the second for the high ranking nobility, a third for the barons and the fourth for the ladies invited. Each filed in, pledging their loyalty before the king and queen before taking their seat. In all, over 3,000 people attended the feast. Richard III’s coronation was perhaps the last on this scale. Numbers catered for at the feast fell dramatically in subsequent years until it was abandoned altogether in 1830 by William IV on the grounds of cost. No monarch since has reinstated the event.
Before the second course of the feast was served, the King’s Champion burst into the hall. Sir Robert Dymmock (whose family still hold the ceremonial position today) rode a destrier draped in red and white silk and wore armour of bright, pure white. He issued the traditional challenge to any who doubted King Richard’s right to rule and the room rang to shouts of ‘King Richard!’. With no challenge forthcoming, the Champion was served a covered goblet of red wine. Taking a draught, he cast the rest upon the floor, keeping the cup as his reward, and rode from the room.
The whole event had been an unmitigated success, perhaps the most lavish, well attended and best celebrated coronation Westminster Abbey had ever seen. At least it was in living memory. The Tudors are renowned for their use of spectacle as propaganda, but here King Richard III set a benchmark that even they would struggle to match.
Lost amid the rapturous pageantry were several notable anomalies, full of both promise and foreboding. With the exception of three earls who were minors too young to attend and a small handful of others, the entire English nobility turned out to celebrate the coronation. By comparison, the ceremonies both before, of Edward IV and after, of Henry VII, were bland, partisan affairs. Richard appeared to have embraced all of his new subjects. The Lancastrian Earl of Northumberland and Margaret Beaufort were in places of honour. Conciliation and the healing of old wounds seemed a real possibility. Without the benefit of hindsight, England must have appeared settled and happy.
However, examining the makeup of the procession more closely raises an interesting question that adds to the foreboding hinted at by Buckingham’s leading role. Thomas, Lord Stanley, proudly carrying the Constable’s mace, walked in a position senior to dukes and earls alike. An odd turn of events for a man known for a lack of loyalty that was unpalatable to Richard. Stanley had been involved in a long feud over possession of Hornby Castle with Sir James Harrington. Richard had, as early as 1470, taken Harrington’s side in the affair yet chose to lavishly honour Stanley. Was this a nod to the inescapable political reality that Edward IV had worked within? Stanley headed a veracious, up and coming family that boasted a huge force of men upon which they could call. It may have been a genuine attempt to build political bridges. If he was to rule all of England, niggling local feuds would have to be put to bed. Either way, an old enemy was in a place of high honour.
Behind Queen Anne walked another figure of some interest. She happened to be both the wife of Thomas, Lord Stanley and the mother of the final, glowing ember of Lancastrian hope in exile. Margaret Beaufort was a natural Lancastrian yet she too walked ahead of a duchess. Her son and his uncle had spent the last fourteen years in exile. There is evidence that Edward IV had been some way along the path of negotiating Henry Tudor’s return as a friend and his marriage to Edward’s own daughter, Elizabeth of York, Henry’s future queen. Was Richard intending to continue the attempt to bring the final stray within the fold? Or was he simply unable to escape the need to appease powerful enemies who remained irreconcilable? Henry Tudor was the final potential threat to the House of York. Imagine if he were made a friend…
Hindsight will tell us that the reign of King Richard III and his Queen Anne was not to last. Those honoured that day contributed to his downfall. Its attendants did not have this knowledge. For those who stood in Westminster Abbey, for those who sat indulging at the feast and for those who lined the streets cheering and soaking up the atmosphere, it was a spectacle like no other they had ever seen. It promised security, safety and a settled contentment for a country nursing ragged scars. Or perhaps the signs were there, just beneath the polished veneer, that this was a veil drawn over old, unresolved problems and new lurking threats, a bandage applied to ragged scars about to reopen once more.
Were there those who already plotted against the cheers of the crowds? Or could none have known the troubles to come as the streets of London joyously rang to a single call;
‘Long live King Richard III’
Matthew Lewis is the author of a brief biography of Richard III, A Glimpse of King Richard III along with a brief overview of the Wars of the Roses, A Glimpse of the Wars of the Roses."
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Lost Princes of England (Documentary)
This upload is 100% Non Profit. NOTE: Unfortunately, part of the original video was blocked, therefore, I was unable to upload the original documentary. Rath...
Lost Princes of England (Documentary)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AukwY8cqs0o
Images:
1. The Princes in the Tower by J. E. Millais
2. The death of Richard III artwork from The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner
3. Artillery From the Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner
4. Hastings' Windsor Stall Plate by Geoffrey Wheeler
LTC Jeff Shearer SGT Philip RoncariSGT (Join to see)PO3 Bob McCord SPC Douglas Bolton LTC (Join to see) SSG Chad HenningSPC Richard (Rick) HenrySSG Pete Fish1SG John Highfill1SG Joseph DarteyLT Ed Skiba Lt Col Charlie Brown PVT Mark Zehner Wayne Soares
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AukwY8cqs0o
Images:
1. The Princes in the Tower by J. E. Millais
2. The death of Richard III artwork from The Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner
3. Artillery From the Battle of Bosworth by Graham Turner
4. Hastings' Windsor Stall Plate by Geoffrey Wheeler
LTC Jeff Shearer SGT Philip RoncariSGT (Join to see)PO3 Bob McCord SPC Douglas Bolton LTC (Join to see) SSG Chad HenningSPC Richard (Rick) HenrySSG Pete Fish1SG John Highfill1SG Joseph DarteyLT Ed Skiba Lt Col Charlie Brown PVT Mark Zehner Wayne Soares
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