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SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL
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SGT (Join to see) good day my friend from Akron, Ohio which is my hometown too. Good historical read/share of King Carlos I was elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor on June 28, 1519, some 501 years ago.

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Thank you, Joe! I hope all is well with you! SFC Joe S. Davis Jr., MSM, DSL
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LTC Stephen F.
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Thank you my friend SGT (Join to see) for making us aware that on June 28, 1519, King Carlos I was elected Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.

Charles V and the Holy Roman Empire: Crash Course World History #219
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRYzW3BSj0I

Images:
1. Bust of Emperor Charles V circa 1555 by Leone Leoni Arezzo
2. Master of the Legend of Mary Magdalene; Emperor Charles V at the age of seven with a gyrfalcon, half-length portrait circa 1507
3. Charles’s wife was Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539). Celebrated in 1526. original painted by Jacob Seisenegger
4. Coronation of Charles V at Bologna, historical paining circa 1681 by Jan Erasmus Quellinus

Background from {[https://reformation500.csl.edu/bio/charles-v/]}
"Born in 1500, Charles I of Spain was successor of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty and ruled the majority of Europe during the Reformation as Emperor Charles V. On the side of his father, Philip of Burgundy, were the Habsburg Austrian Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy. On the side of his mother, Joana “The Mad” of Castile, were Ferdinand and Isabella, who had united the Spanish crowns of Aragon and Castile. This made Charles the heir to numerous lands that he began to inherit at the age of sixteen. Raised in French Burgundy, his first language was French and he was steeped in the diplomacy of Burgundy politics. Adrian of Utrecht, who would briefly become pope in 1522 before dying a year later, was a member of his court. Between 1516 and the death of his emperor father in 1519, Charles successively inherited the Austrian duchies of Austria, Carinthia, Moravia, Tyrol, and Styria; the Netherlands along with France-Comte from the Burgundy line; and Spain and the Spanish territories abroad, including Milan, Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, and the growing expansion of the New World in Central and South America. The massive land and financial holdings associated with this expansive empire led to grandiose visions of political domination on his part that would result in conflict throughout Europe.
The final step for Charles was election as Holy Roman Emperor over the German territories and the imperial free cities. When Charles’ father Maximilian died, the then-King of Spain was the most likely candidate. While Henry VIII of England and Frederick the Wise of Saxony were early competitors, Francis I of France emerged as the primary opposition. Francis was of the French Valois line that had been at odds with the Austrian Habsburgs. The papacy supported Francis due to growing monarchy of the Habsburgs and its encroachment onto Italian soil, but Charles had something the fiscally strapped papacy did not: recourse to immense funds, including the backing of the Fugger House of Augsburg, to bribe the electors into selecting him. The cost to Charles was 850,000 florins, 500,000 of which were subsidized with a loan from the Fuggers. Charles I of Spain was elected emperor in June 1519 and coronated Charles V in October 1520 at Aix-la-Chapelle, an imperial free city in Germany. He would receive his imperial crown from Pope Clement VII in 1520 at Bologna, the last emperor to be so crowned by a pope.
There were three challenges facing Charles upon taking the mantle of emperor: rivalry with the French Valois, war with the Turks on the eastern edge of the Empire, and the growing Protestant movement. The first two were intertwined and distracted him from addressing the third. The Habsburg-Valois rivalry commanded the most attention during the first decade of his reign. Intermittent war with France led to Charles’ defeat of Francis in 1525. He took the French king prisoner and forced him to sign the 1526 Peace of Madrid, which surrendered French lands in Burgundy and Italy and included an agreement with Francis to marry Charles’ sister, Eleanor. Once back on Spanish soil, Francis rejected the pact claiming it had come under duress and renewed war against imperial troops. Throughout the Habsburg-Valois wars, the papacy had remained on the side of Francis out of fear of Charles’ excursions onto Italian soil, leading Clement VII to join the defensive League of Cognac with France, Venice, Florence, and Mila. In response, Charles conscripted imperial troops to Italy, where they eventually sacked Rome in 1527—on their own initiative, not the emperor’s—and virtually imprisoned the pope until 1528. The Peace of Cambrai in 1529 put an end to the episode so France and the Empire could address more pressing issues, primarily war with the Turks. France would later break with Charles again to make an alliance with the Turks, but eventually reversed course and in 1544 forged the Peace of Crépy with the Empire to stand as a united front against the Turks, in exchange for either Milan or the Netherlands and this time the marriage of a son of Charles to Francis’ daughter.
The complexities of the Habsburg-Valois contest and the Turkish front distracted Charles from what would become the defining feature of his reign: the growth of Protestantism. The emperor had been crowned for only three months when the fateful Diet of Worms convened in January 1521. At Worms, Luther made his famous confession before the emperor that he would not recant of his writings and was subsequently hidden at Frederick the Wise’s behest in the Wartburg Castle. In the meantime, Charles executed the Edict of Worms making Luther an outlaw in the empire and proscribing all public teaching of his views. The Edict of Worms, however, evoked criticism from Rome. Papal legate Jerome Aleander questioned why an imperial edict was needed of Luther had already been subject to the ban by verdict of the papal bull of excommunication drafted earlier in 1521, Decet Romanem Pontificem. This only served to increase tensions with Rome politically, even though Charles considered himself a devout Catholic and supporter of the papacy who took it as a personal goal to protect church orthodoxy against Luther.
One further complicating factor in Charles’ relationship to the Protestant Reformation was the hesitancy on the part of Rome to call a council. It was never the emperor’s aim to circumvent the ecclesiastical system, but he had anticipated a general council that would rule on Luther’s doctrine and bring peace to the church. Consequently, the 1526 Diet of Speyer passed the recess of the Edict of Worms allowing all princes and cities in the empire to practice religion as they saw fit pending a general council to resolve the theological questions. The 1529 Diet of Speyer revoked the recess and led to the 1530 Diet of Augsburg, where the German princes presented the Lutheran Augsburg Confession and the southern Germans their Tetropolitana, after which the Catholic contingent responded with a hastily written reply of the Roman Confutation. Charles accepted the Confutation and promised to enforce the prohibition of Lutheran doctrine as protector of the church. Nevertheless, he still oversaw several attempts at reconciliation between the two parties over the years. The first came at Augsburg itself following the public presentation of the confessions. Then later, from 1539 to 1541, Charles directed a series of three colloquies in Hagenau, Worms, and Regensburg to reach agreement between Catholics and Protestants in the empire, all with limited results and no lasting impact. Repeated papal promises of a council led him to support the conciliar solution, which finally came to realization with the 1543 convocation of Trent. The actual convening of the council was finally made possible after the 1544 Peace of Crépy brought truce to the war with France and combined support of both Habsburg and Valois rulers for the Tridentine assembly.
After the first sessions of Trent closed, Charles made one final attempt at restoring religious peace within the empire. The 1548 Augsburg Interim gave small concessions to the Protestants, such as clerical marriage and communion in both kinds, but left much of Catholic doctrine largely unchanged. Charles then sought to impose it on the empire until a general council could enforce it more broadly, though numerous German territories vigorously rejected the measures. The religious conflict under Charles’ watch was not resolved until the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which established the right of both Lutheran and Catholic territories to choose which religion they would follow. The agreement itself was brokered by Ferdinand, the emperor’s younger brother, to whom he had deputed all governing affairs in Germany by 1553.
Charles progressively abdicated his position until finally stepping down in 1556. His younger brother, Ferdinand, succeeded him as emperor. Ferdinand had governed Habsburg lands in Germany and Austria since 1521 and the Hungary and Bohemia since 1526 and had also been named King of the Romans, an honorific designating him as next pope over Charles’ own son Philip II. Philip instead took over the Spanish and Burgundy territories of his father. Charles would spend the remaining two years of his life in Spain, at a villa near the monastery of St. Juste. He died in September 1558."

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PO1 William "Chip" Nagel
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LTC Stephen F. Vas is Das Holy Roman Empire *SARCASM MUCH* Now Called Germany.
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LTC Stephen F.
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KINGS OF SPAIN - EPISODE 3 - CHARLES I Spanish with [English subtitles]
In the Series KINGS OF SPAIN we will travel through the history of a nation that became one of the most powerful empires on earth: SPAIN, through the perspective of its Monarchs
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i83uqOvv2vE


Images:
1. Habsburgs Possessions in 1547
2. Emperor Charles V at Mühlberg, painted in 1548 by Titian.
3. Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen (manner of), c. 1530.

Background from {[ https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/charles-v-heir-many-crowns]}
"Charles V: heir to many crowns written by Martin Mutschlechner
In the figure of Charles were united the Habsburg claims to various territories that had passed to the dynasty thanks to the nuptial policies of his grandfather, Maximilian I.
Charles was the eldest son of Philip I (the Fair) and Joan (the Mad) of Castile. He was born in Ghent, where his father was acting as regent of the Low Countries, a group of territories that had passed to the Habsburg dynasty as part of the Burgundian inheritance transmitted by Charles’s paternal grandmother, Mary of Burgundy.
In his physical appearance Charles conformed to the classic Habsburg type that was particularly prevalent in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. He had a narrow, elongated face dominated by an aquiline nose and a heavy, protruding lower jaw together with thick, fleshy lips. It is said that the deformation of his jaw was so extreme that he could not close his mouth properly and had problems with his speech. His rapid and staccato way of speaking made him trip over his tongue constantly and as a consequence he was hard to understand.
Charles grew up at the court of his aunt, Archduchess Margaret, in the Low Country city of Mechelen (Malines, traditionally known in English as Mechlin) together with his sisters Eleonora and Isabella. He was shaped to a great degree by Burgundian-Netherlandish culture. His parents were mostly absent, as the securing of their claim to the Spanish crown took priority. After the early death of his father in 1506 the latter’s claims to the throne passed to Charles. At first he remained in the Netherlands, where his aunt Margaret ruled as tutelary regent in his stead. In 1515 Charles attained his majority and was appointed sovereign. However, the fifteen-year-old prince was unable to cope with his duties and his aunt and her advisors therefore continued to administer the affairs of government.
Over the next few years, however, the focus of his interests switched to Spain. The ruler of the united kingdoms of Castile, Aragon and Granada was Charles’s maternal grandfather, Ferdinand of Aragon. Charles shared his claim on these thrones with his mother Joan, which led to considerable problems after the death of Ferdinand in 1516. It was only after lengthy negotiations that his claim was recognized by the Estates, Charles using his mother’s mental illness as an argument to establish his rule in Spain in her name.
Charles V: marriage and offspring
Charles’s wife was Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539). Celebrated in 1526, this marriage was a dynastic project and the product of long-term planning, the object of which was to strengthen the links between the rival kingdoms of Spain and Portugal.
Isabella was the daughter of the Portuguese king Manuel I and Maria of Castile. Thus she was closely related to Charles on her mother’s side, as the bridal couple’s mothers were sisters. The marriage was a purely political partnership. During Charles’s long absences from Spain Isabella administered the country in his stead.
Lasting thirteen years, the marriage produced four children:
Their first-born son Philip II (1527–1598) succeeded Charles as king of Spain.
Maria (1528–1603) was married to her cousin from the Austrian line of the dynasty, Emperor Maximilian II. This was the first of many unions between the two lines of the dynasty, which were intended to guarantee their cohesion. This intermarriage between such closely related individuals was of political importance but from the biological point of view had dubious genetic consequences which in the long term impaired the vitality of the dynasty.
A son, named Ferdinand, who died in infancy, was followed by a daughter, Joan (1535–1573). Joan married back into the family of her mother, but her husband, John, the heir to the Portuguese throne, died before the birth of their first child. The young widow returned to Spain, where she ruled in the stead of her absent father. After Charles handed over the affairs of government to his son Philip in 1556, Joan retired to a convent.
The couple’s last child, called John, died shortly after he was born in 1539. Weakened by the birth, his mother followed him to the grave two weeks later.
Before and after his marriage Charles had a number of unofficial relationships that resulted in illegitimate offspring.
With Jeanne van der Gheynst, a servant girl at his aunt’s court, Charles had a daughter, Margaret (1522–1586). Like his legitimate children, she was used for dynastic marriage projects. In 1536, at the age of fourteen, Margaret was married to Alexander de Medici, who was murdered in the following year. In 1538 she was married to another Italian prince. This was Ottavio Farnese, who owed his sovereignty over the northern Italian principality of Parma to his union with Charles’s daughter. There Margaret found herself in a problematic position when her husband temporarily changed sides to the French camp.
Margaret was given an important position when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands by her step-brother Philip II. She assumed her office at a difficult time: opposition by the Estates in the northern provinces to Habsburg rule was forming, reinforced by the religious schism. Although Margaret showed a willingness to compromise, the situation came to a head. In 1567 she was forced to make way for the notorious Duke of Alba, an appointment that led to an escalation of the violence. The result was open rebellion. In 1579 Margaret was again entrusted with the office of governor in the Netherlands, now in competition with her son Alexander Farnese, who had been made commander of the Spanish troops in the turbulent provinces. After long-drawn-out conflicts with her son she retired from the fray in 1583.
Charles’s illegitimate son Juan d’Austria (1547–1578) was the result of his relationship with Barbara Blomberg, the daughter of a Regensburg merchant, which he began in 1546, after he had been widowed. At first the boy was not officially acknowledged as Charles’s natural son, and it was not until 1561 after his father’s death that Juan was legitimized by his half-brother Philip II. Juan was initially brought up together with Philip’s son, Don Carlos. Originally intended for a career in the Church, he developed military ambitions. As commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Spanish fleet he won an important victory over the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Appointed governor of the Netherlands in 1576, Juan died of typhus in camp while fighting rebel Dutch forces in 1578.

Charles V: the empire on which the sun never set
In the person of Charles, the Habsburgs attained the status of a Great Power for the first time. Extending over several continents, his dominions were referred to by contemporaries as the empire ‘on which the sun never set’.
The basis of his power was Spain: uniting in his person for the first time the crowns of Castile, Navarra and Aragón, Charles was the first king of Spain as a unified whole. His dominions also included the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia together with the Low Countries as part of the Burgundian inheritance.
Charles is also associated with the beginnings of the Spanish colonial empire in South and Central America. During his rule the destruction of the ancient American civilizations together with the exploitation and enslavement of indigenous peoples reached its zenith. The orders that Charles issued to the conquistadors and missionaries from his distant throne in Europe that enjoined them to protect the native population and to convert them to Christianity using convincing arguments rather than force remained – given the brutal reality – nothing more than half-hearted attempts to provide moral justification for the Spanish conquest of the Americas.
For a short time Austria too belonged to Charles’s global empire. On the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in 1519 Charles had inherited the Austrian patrimonial lands. However, in 1521/22 he transferred his dominion over these Central European dynastic territories to his younger brother Ferdinand, the founder of the Austrian line of the Habsburgs.
The division of the lineage was undertaken to secure the hereditary succession. Since in the preceding generations there had only ever been one surviving male successor, there was always a constant risk that the dynasty would die out and the empire that had been accumulated with such effort would collapse. Efforts to cement the succession on both sides led to marriages between the two lines in each generation. From a genealogical perspective the two branches of the dynasty constituted a single family entity.
Within the dynasty Charles held the position of head of the family, and his siblings were bound to obey him. His brother Ferdinand was for a long time overshadowed by Charles and was slow to develop an independent profile of his own as a ruler. Later on he sometimes found himself opposing his powerful brother.
The women in the family were equally subordinate to the demands of imperial politics. Charles’s sisters and daughters played an important role as pawns of his marriage policies but also exercised political functions as governors, for example Charles’s sister Maria, who represented Habsburg interests in the Netherlands with great skill.
Charles V and the emergence of the ‘hereditary enmity’ with France
Charles was the possessor of several crowns and yet more claims to sovereignty which served as a basis for his attempt to establish a universal dynastic monarchy with Habsburg hegemony over Europe. His fiercest enemies were France and its king, Francis I.
France saw itself surrounded. To the south lay the Iberian heartland of Spain, a rising Great Power. Along the borders of France with the Holy Roman Empire to the north and east was the diverse agglomeration of territories that had passed into Habsburg dominion through the Burgundian inheritance.
The dukes of Burgundy, a collateral branch of the Valois, had died out in the male line following the death of Charles the Bold in 1477, and France, ruled by the House of Valois, occupied those Burgundian territories that had been fiefs of the French crown.
France also cemented its position in Italy, bringing Milan under its control. Francis then staked claim to territories in southern Italy, which since the end of the fifteenth century had been first part of the crown of Aragon and later of Spain as a whole.
Charles for his part derived claims on parts of southern France as heir to the crown of Aragon. In rivalry with Francis he also laid claim to Milan; in ancient and Mediterranean tradition, power over Italy was regarded as the key to hegemony in Europe, for which both monarchs felt themselves predestined.
The conflict ended in a war, fought on Italian and French soil. While Charles was unable to achieve any great successes in France, his army in Italy won a number of victories. At the Battle of Pavia in 1525 the French king was even taken prisoner by the Spanish. In 1526 Francis was forced to accept the terms of the Treaty of Madrid, renouncing his claims to Burgundy, Naples and Milan. After his release he immediately revoked his agreement to the terms that had been extracted from him under coercion. The situation was not finally resolved until the Peace of Cambrai in 1529, according to the terms of which France retained the old Burgundian territories while renouncing its claims to those in Italy.
Meanwhile the situation in Italy had escalated. The imperial troops, including German mercenaries, made their way down the peninsula without any effective leaders, sacking Rome in 1527. This had not been ordered by Charles and he distanced himself from it. However, it proved politically advantageous for him, as the Pope, one of Charles’s adversaries, was deprived of his power. Charles had thus proved his dominance in Italy.
Charles’s triumph was affirmed by his coronation as emperor by the pope in Bologna in 1530. After Milan had come under Habsburg dominion in 1535 and Charles’s troops had won a victory over the Turks at the Siege of Tunis, Charles found himself at the apogee of his power.
Charles V and the dream of a universal monarchy
The enormous increase in his power soon led Charles to develop the idea of a global monarchy. The title of Holy Roman Emperor was to serve as the ideological basis for his claim on hegemony in Europe.
Charles’s rivals for the imperial succession to Maximilian were Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England. In June 1519 the electors voted at Frankfurt for Charles as king, the prerequisite step to attaining the imperial title. Nevertheless, Charles’s lofty ambitions were confronted with a thoroughly mundane problem: lack of money. The electors expected to be rewarded for their votes. Charles’s election campaign was mainly funded by the Fugger merchant family, subsequently making the emperor financially dependent upon them. Charles V was also the last emperor to be crowned by a pope, his coronation being performed by Clement VII at Bologna.
Charles’s claim to the leading role in the concert of powers was not uncontested: France became the ‘hereditary enemy’ for the next two centuries. A powerful adversary arose to the east in the shape of the Ottoman Empire. In a late continuation of the Spanish Reconquista against the Moors, Charles pursued campaigns in North Africa, leaving his brother Ferdinand to resist the inexorable expansion of the Turks in the Balkan territories.
Although Charles saw himself as a defender of Christianity, it was during his reign that the unity of the Roman Catholic Church finally collapsed due to his underestimating the power of the Reformation within the empire. This was not solely a question of theology but a political trial of strength between the emperor and the princes of empire who were insisting on their privileges and independence. Charles’s claim to universal rule is also evident in his attempts to solve the confessional conflict. The emperor wanted to effect a radical reform of the Church and saw himself as an impartial arbiter seeking to preserve the unity of Christendom.
It was with this intention that Charles persuaded the Pope to convene the Council of Trent. Conceived by Charles as an attempt to preserve the unity of the Catholic Church, its reforms led to the emergence of the Counter-Reformation and to an entrenching of positions, contrary to Charles’s intentions. He thus signally failed in what he had set out to achieve: religious schism had become reality.
Charles’s attempts to buttress imperial authority within the Holy Roman Empire and to privilege the monarchical element over the principle of an Estates-based, federal approach to government led to a conflict which initially ended in Charles’s favour with his victory in the Schmalkaldic War of 1547. Charles forced the ‘Augsburg Interim’ on the Protestant princes of the Empire, an agreement that was intended to implement a compromise until the theological disputes were resolved. This led to fundamental opposition from the Protestant Estates. The Peace of Augsburg in 1555 managed to steer a middle course between the emperor, as represented by his more pragmatic brother Ferdinand, and the Empire. Nonetheless, the limits of imperial power had been demonstrated, and it became clear that Charles’s policies within the Empire had failed. He had been unable to assert his ideal of strong imperial rule against the princes of the Empire. This remained the declared aim of the following generations of Habsburgs, who were to fail just as he had done before them.
Charles V: resignation and abdication
In 1556, at the age of 55, Charles, then the most powerful man in the world, Holy Roman Emperor and ruler of the global Spanish Empire, decided to lay down his crown and abdicate all his offices.
…I sought the imperial crown not in order to rule over a multitude of kingdoms but merely to ensure the welfare and prosperity of the country and my other kingdoms, and to preserve peace and concord in the whole of Christendom… To this purpose have I made many arduous journeys and have been compelled to wage many wars… but never wantonly, always very much against my own will. … I had great hopes – only few have been fulfilled and few have remained to me, and at the cost of what travails! This has made me sick and weary. Do not think that I seek to avoid any travails or perils; my powers no longer suffice. Place your trust in my son, be united, observe justice at all times and do not let unbelief appear in your midst…
Charles V on his conception of imperial office
Throughout his reign Charles struggled with the contradiction between his claim to universal power and the difficulty of actually implementing this dominion in the various different parts of his vast empire. Charles was forced to be constantly on the move to compensate for the lack of an effective modern administrative apparatus. A not unimportant factor in his failure was the nature of communications at that time: strung out over whole continents, his monarchy had become ungovernable.
Charles also had to battle with the resistance of regional forces in Spain, the Netherlands and within the empire to a universal, supranational Habsburg monarchy. Eventually he abandoned his hopes, accepting the unfeasibility of the undertaking. The office of Holy Roman Emperor passed to his brother Ferdinand and the Spanish crown to his son Philip. Even within the dynasty it was no longer possible to prevent power being split between several different lines.
The emperor’s last refuge was the Hieronymite monastery of Yuste on the uplands of the Estremadura south-west of Madrid. The Order of St Jerome was an eremitic community devoted to an ascetic and solitary life as the path to finding God. Charles spent his last two years at Yuste, incapacitated by various ailments, in particular gout. Riddled with pain, he had to be carried about in sedan chairs or on litters. While Charles did not enter the order, he lived within the monastic community and had a small palace built in the Italian style with eight rooms adjoining the monastery. His bedchamber shared a connecting door with the sanctuary of the monastery church, making it possible for Charles to follow Mass from his bed even when he was virtually immobilized by his gout.
The gout was a consequence of Charles’s eating habits. The emperor was devoted to the pleasures of the table, a gourmand who spent huge sums on obtaining specialities for his meals. He ate immoderately and hastily, causing problems with his health. In the end, however, it was malaria which killed him.
Following his death in 1558 the emperor’s mortal remains were initially interred beneath the altar of the monastery church. Later on his son Philip II had his coffin transferred to the pantheon of the Spanish kings in the palatial monastery of El Escorial. Yuste monastery was destroyed during the Peninsular War and abandoned. In 1958, to mark the fourth centenary of Charles’s death, it was restored and given back to the Order of St Jerome. Today the Hieronymites at Yuste continue to preserve the memory of the emperor who came to grief with his vision of universal monarchy."

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Great history share!
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